DataFrame#

This page gives an overview of all public DataFrame methods.

class polars.DataFrame( data: FrameInitTypes | None = None, schema: SchemaDefinition | None = None, *, schema_overrides: SchemaDict | None = None, strict: bool = True, orient: Orientation | None = None, infer_schema_length: int | None = 100, nan_to_null: bool = False, )[source]

Two-dimensional data structure representing data as a table with rows and columns.

Parameters:

datadict, Sequence, ndarray, Series, or pandas.DataFrame

Two-dimensional data in various forms; dict input must contain Sequences, Generators, or a range. Sequence may contain Series or other Sequences.

schemaSequence of str, (str,DataType) pairs, or a {str:DataType,} dict

The schema of the resulting DataFrame. The schema may be declared in several ways:

As a dict of {name:type} pairs; if type is None, it will be auto-inferred.
As a list of column names; in this case types are automatically inferred.
As a list of (name,type) pairs; this is equivalent to the dictionary form.

If you supply a list of column names that does not match the names in the underlying data, the names given here will overwrite them. The number of names given in the schema should match the underlying data dimensions.

If set to None (default), the schema is inferred from the data.

schema_overridesdict, default None

Support type specification or override of one or more columns; note that any dtypes inferred from the schema param will be overridden.

The number of entries in the schema should match the underlying data dimensions, unless a sequence of dictionaries is being passed, in which case a partial schema can be declared to prevent specific fields from being loaded.

strictbool, default True

Throw an error if any data value does not exactly match the given or inferred data type for that column. If set to False, values that do not match the data type are cast to that data type or, if casting is not possible, set to null instead.

orient{‘col’, ‘row’}, default None

Whether to interpret two-dimensional data as columns or as rows. If None, the orientation is inferred by matching the columns and data dimensions. If this does not yield conclusive results, column orientation is used.

infer_schema_lengthint or None

The maximum number of rows to scan for schema inference. If set to None, the full data may be scanned (this can be slow). This parameter only applies if the input data is a sequence or generator of rows; other input is read as-is.

nan_to_nullbool, default False

If the data comes from one or more numpy arrays, can optionally convert input data np.nan values to null instead. This is a no-op for all other input data.

Notes

Polars explicitly does not support subclassing of its core data types. See the following GitHub issue for possible workarounds: pola-rs/polars#2846

Examples

Constructing a DataFrame from a dictionary:

>>> data = {"a": [1, 2], "b": [3, 4]}
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(data)
>>> df
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 3   │
│ 2   ┆ 4   │
└─────┴─────┘

Notice that the dtypes are automatically inferred as polars Int64:

>>> df.dtypes
[Int64, Int64]

To specify a more detailed/specific frame schema you can supply the schema parameter with a dictionary of (name,dtype) pairs…

>>> data = {"col1": [0, 2], "col2": [3, 7]}
>>> df2 = pl.DataFrame(data, schema={"col1": pl.Float32, "col2": pl.Int64})
>>> df2
shape: (2, 2)
┌──────┬──────┐
│ col1 ┆ col2 │
│ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ f32  ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪══════╡
│ 0.0  ┆ 3    │
│ 2.0  ┆ 7    │
└──────┴──────┘

…a sequence of (name,dtype) pairs…

>>> data = {"col1": [1, 2], "col2": [3, 4]}
>>> df3 = pl.DataFrame(data, schema=[("col1", pl.Float32), ("col2", pl.Int64)])
>>> df3
shape: (2, 2)
┌──────┬──────┐
│ col1 ┆ col2 │
│ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ f32  ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪══════╡
│ 1.0  ┆ 3    │
│ 2.0  ┆ 4    │
└──────┴──────┘

…or a list of typed Series.

>>> data = [
...     pl.Series("col1", [1, 2], dtype=pl.Float32),
...     pl.Series("col2", [3, 4], dtype=pl.Int64),
... ]
>>> df4 = pl.DataFrame(data)
>>> df4
shape: (2, 2)
┌──────┬──────┐
│ col1 ┆ col2 │
│ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ f32  ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪══════╡
│ 1.0  ┆ 3    │
│ 2.0  ┆ 4    │
└──────┴──────┘

Constructing a DataFrame from a numpy ndarray, specifying column names:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> data = np.array([(1, 2), (3, 4)], dtype=np.int64)
>>> df5 = pl.DataFrame(data, schema=["a", "b"], orient="col")
>>> df5
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 3   │
│ 2   ┆ 4   │
└─────┴─────┘

Constructing a DataFrame from a list of lists, row orientation specified:

>>> data = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> df6 = pl.DataFrame(data, schema=["a", "b", "c"], orient="row")
>>> df6
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
│ 4   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Methods:

`approx_n_unique`	Approximate count of unique values.
`bottom_k`	Return the `k` smallest rows.
`cast`	Cast DataFrame column(s) to the specified dtype(s).
`clear`	Create an empty (n=0) or `n`-row null-filled (n>0) copy of the DataFrame.
`clone`	Create a copy of this DataFrame.
`collect_schema`	Get an ordered mapping of column names to their data type.
`corr`	Return pairwise Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between columns.
`count`	Return the number of non-null elements for each column.
`describe`	Summary statistics for a DataFrame.
`deserialize`	Read a serialized DataFrame from a file.
`drop`	Remove columns from the dataframe.
`drop_in_place`	Drop a single column in-place and return the dropped column.
`drop_nans`	Drop all rows that contain one or more NaN values.
`drop_nulls`	Drop all rows that contain null values.
`equals`	Check whether the DataFrame is equal to another DataFrame.
`estimated_size`	Return an estimation of the total (heap) allocated size of the `DataFrame`.
`explode`	Explode the dataframe to long format by exploding the given columns.
`extend`	Extend the memory backed by this `DataFrame` with the values from `other`.
`fill_nan`	Fill floating point NaN values by an Expression evaluation.
`fill_null`	Fill null values using the specified value or strategy.
`filter`	Filter the rows in the DataFrame based on one or more predicate expressions.
`fold`	Apply a horizontal reduction on a DataFrame.
`gather_every`	Take every nth row in the DataFrame and return as a new DataFrame.
`get_column`	Get a single column by name.
`get_column_index`	Find the index of a column by name.
`get_columns`	Get the DataFrame as a List of Series.
`glimpse`	Return a dense preview of the DataFrame.
`group_by`	Start a group by operation.
`group_by_dynamic`	Group based on a time value (or index value of type Int32, Int64).
`hash_rows`	Hash and combine the rows in this DataFrame.
`head`	Get the first `n` rows.
`hstack`	Return a new DataFrame grown horizontally by stacking multiple Series to it.
`insert_column`	Insert a Series at a certain column index.
`interpolate`	Interpolate intermediate values.
`is_duplicated`	Get a mask of all duplicated rows in this DataFrame.
`is_empty`	Returns `True` if the DataFrame contains no rows.
`is_unique`	Get a mask of all unique rows in this DataFrame.
`item`	Return the DataFrame as a scalar, or return the element at the given row/column.
`iter_columns`	Returns an iterator over the columns of this DataFrame.
`iter_rows`	Returns an iterator over the DataFrame of rows of python-native values.
`iter_slices`	Returns a non-copying iterator of slices over the underlying DataFrame.
`join`	Join in SQL-like fashion.
`join_asof`	Perform an asof join.
`join_where`	Perform a join based on one or multiple (in)equality predicates.
`lazy`	Start a lazy query from this point.
`limit`	Get the first `n` rows.
`map_rows`	Apply a custom/user-defined function (UDF) over the rows of the DataFrame.
`max`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their maximum value.
`max_horizontal`	Get the maximum value horizontally across columns.
`mean`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their mean value.
`mean_horizontal`	Take the mean of all values horizontally across columns.
`median`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their median value.
`melt`	Unpivot a DataFrame from wide to long format.
`merge_sorted`	Take two sorted DataFrames and merge them by the sorted key.
`min`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their minimum value.
`min_horizontal`	Get the minimum value horizontally across columns.
`n_chunks`	Get number of chunks used by the ChunkedArrays of this DataFrame.
`n_unique`	Return the number of unique rows, or the number of unique row-subsets.
`null_count`	Create a new DataFrame that shows the null counts per column.
`partition_by`	Group by the given columns and return the groups as separate dataframes.
`pipe`	Offers a structured way to apply a sequence of user-defined functions (UDFs).
`pivot`	Create a spreadsheet-style pivot table as a DataFrame.
`product`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their product values.
`quantile`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their quantile value.
`rechunk`	Rechunk the data in this DataFrame to a contiguous allocation.
`rename`	Rename column names.
`replace_column`	Replace a column at an index location.
`reverse`	Reverse the DataFrame.
`rolling`	Create rolling groups based on a temporal or integer column.
`row`	Get the values of a single row, either by index or by predicate.
`rows`	Returns all data in the DataFrame as a list of rows of python-native values.
`rows_by_key`	Returns all data as a dictionary of python-native values keyed by some column.
`sample`	Sample from this DataFrame.
`select`	Select columns from this DataFrame.
`select_seq`	Select columns from this DataFrame.
`serialize`	Serialize this DataFrame to a file or string in JSON format.
`set_sorted`	Indicate that one or multiple columns are sorted.
`shift`	Shift values by the given number of indices.
`shrink_to_fit`	Shrink DataFrame memory usage.
`slice`	Get a slice of this DataFrame.
`sort`	Sort the dataframe by the given columns.
`sql`	Execute a SQL query against the DataFrame.
`std`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their standard deviation value.
`sum`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their sum value.
`sum_horizontal`	Sum all values horizontally across columns.
`tail`	Get the last `n` rows.
`to_arrow`	Collect the underlying arrow arrays in an Arrow Table.
`to_dict`	Convert DataFrame to a dictionary mapping column name to values.
`to_dicts`	Convert every row to a dictionary of Python-native values.
`to_dummies`	Convert categorical variables into dummy/indicator variables.
`to_init_repr`	Convert DataFrame to instantiable string representation.
`to_jax`	Convert DataFrame to a Jax Array, or dict of Jax Arrays.
`to_numpy`	Convert this DataFrame to a NumPy ndarray.
`to_pandas`	Convert this DataFrame to a pandas DataFrame.
`to_series`	Select column as Series at index location.
`to_struct`	Convert a `DataFrame` to a `Series` of type `Struct`.
`to_torch`	Convert DataFrame to a PyTorch Tensor, Dataset, or dict of Tensors.
`top_k`	Return the `k` largest rows.
`transpose`	Transpose a DataFrame over the diagonal.
`unique`	Drop duplicate rows from this dataframe.
`unnest`	Decompose struct columns into separate columns for each of their fields.
`unpivot`	Unpivot a DataFrame from wide to long format.
`unstack`	Unstack a long table to a wide form without doing an aggregation.
`update`	Update the values in this `DataFrame` with the values in `other`.
`upsample`	Upsample a DataFrame at a regular frequency.
`var`	Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their variance value.
`vstack`	Grow this DataFrame vertically by stacking a DataFrame to it.
`with_columns`	Add columns to this DataFrame.
`with_columns_seq`	Add columns to this DataFrame.
`with_row_count`	Add a column at index 0 that counts the rows.
`with_row_index`	Add a row index as the first column in the DataFrame.
`write_avro`	Write to Apache Avro file.
`write_clipboard`	Copy `DataFrame` in csv format to the system clipboard with `write_csv`.
`write_csv`	Write to comma-separated values (CSV) file.
`write_database`	Write the data in a Polars DataFrame to a database.
`write_delta`	Write DataFrame as delta table.
`write_excel`	Write frame data to a table in an Excel workbook/worksheet.
`write_ipc`	Write to Arrow IPC binary stream or Feather file.
`write_ipc_stream`	Write to Arrow IPC record batch stream.
`write_json`	Serialize to JSON representation.
`write_ndjson`	Serialize to newline delimited JSON representation.
`write_parquet`	Write to Apache Parquet file.

Attributes:

`columns`	Get or set column names.
`dtypes`	Get the column data types.
`flags`	Get flags that are set on the columns of this DataFrame.
`height`	Get the number of rows.
`plot`	Create a plot namespace.
`schema`	Get an ordered mapping of column names to their data type.
`shape`	Get the shape of the DataFrame.
`style`	Create a Great Table for styling.
`width`	Get the number of columns.

approx_n_unique() → DataFrame[source]

Approximate count of unique values.

Deprecated since version 0.20.11: Use select(pl.all().approx_n_unique()) instead.

This is done using the HyperLogLog++ algorithm for cardinality estimation.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [1, 2, 1, 1],
...     }
... )
>>> df.approx_n_unique()  
shape: (1, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ u32 ┆ u32 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 4   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┘

bottom_k( k: int, *, by: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr], reverse: bool | Sequence[bool] = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Return the k smallest rows.

Non-null elements are always preferred over null elements, regardless of the value of reverse. The output is not guaranteed to be in any particular order, call sort() after this function if you wish the output to be sorted.

Parameters:

k: Number of rows to return.
by: Column(s) used to determine the bottom rows. Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names.
reverse: Consider the k largest elements of the by column(s) (instead of the k smallest). This can be specified per column by passing a sequence of booleans.

See also

top_k

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": ["a", "b", "a", "b", "b", "c"],
...         "b": [2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1],
...     }
... )

Get the rows which contain the 4 smallest values in column b.

>>> df.bottom_k(4, by="b")
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 1   │
│ a   ┆ 1   │
│ c   ┆ 1   │
│ a   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┘

Get the rows which contain the 4 smallest values when sorting on column a and b.

>>> df.bottom_k(4, by=["a", "b"])
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 1   │
│ a   ┆ 2   │
│ b   ┆ 1   │
│ b   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┘

cast( dtypes: Mapping[ColumnNameOrSelector | PolarsDataType, PolarsDataType | PythonDataType] | PolarsDataType, *, strict: bool = True, ) → DataFrame[source]

Cast DataFrame column(s) to the specified dtype(s).

Parameters:

dtypes: Mapping of column names (or selector) to dtypes, or a single dtype to which all columns will be cast.
strict: Raise if cast is invalid on rows after predicates are pusded down. If False, invalid casts will produce null values.

Examples

>>> from datetime import date
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": [date(2020, 1, 2), date(2021, 3, 4), date(2022, 5, 6)],
...     }
... )

Cast specific frame columns to the specified dtypes:

>>> df.cast({"foo": pl.Float32, "bar": pl.UInt8})
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬────────────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham        │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---        │
│ f32 ┆ u8  ┆ date       │
╞═════╪═════╪════════════╡
│ 1.0 ┆ 6   ┆ 2020-01-02 │
│ 2.0 ┆ 7   ┆ 2021-03-04 │
│ 3.0 ┆ 8   ┆ 2022-05-06 │
└─────┴─────┴────────────┘

Cast all frame columns matching one dtype (or dtype group) to another dtype:

>>> df.cast({pl.Date: pl.Datetime})
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────────────────────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham                 │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---                 │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ datetime[μs]        │
╞═════╪═════╪═════════════════════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ 2020-01-02 00:00:00 │
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ 2021-03-04 00:00:00 │
│ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ 2022-05-06 00:00:00 │
└─────┴─────┴─────────────────────┘

Use selectors to define the columns being cast:

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.cast({cs.numeric(): pl.UInt32, cs.temporal(): pl.String})
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬────────────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham        │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---        │
│ u32 ┆ u32 ┆ str        │
╞═════╪═════╪════════════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ 2020-01-02 │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ 2021-03-04 │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ 2022-05-06 │
└─────┴─────┴────────────┘

Cast all frame columns to the specified dtype:

>>> df.cast(pl.String).to_dict(as_series=False)
{'foo': ['1', '2', '3'],
 'bar': ['6.0', '7.0', '8.0'],
 'ham': ['2020-01-02', '2021-03-04', '2022-05-06']}

clear(n: int = 0) → DataFrame[source]

Create an empty (n=0) or n-row null-filled (n>0) copy of the DataFrame.

Returns a n-row null-filled DataFrame with an identical schema. n can be greater than the current number of rows in the DataFrame.

Parameters:

n: Number of (null-filled) rows to return in the cleared frame.

See also

clone: Cheap deepcopy/clone.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [None, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, None, 2.5, 13],
...         "c": [True, True, False, None],
...     }
... )
>>> df.clear()
shape: (0, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c    │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ bool │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
└─────┴─────┴──────┘

>>> df.clear(n=2)
shape: (2, 3)
┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
│ a    ┆ b    ┆ c    │
│ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ i64  ┆ f64  ┆ bool │
╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
│ null ┆ null ┆ null │
│ null ┆ null ┆ null │
└──────┴──────┴──────┘

clone() → DataFrame[source]

Create a copy of this DataFrame.

This is a cheap operation that does not copy data.

See also

clear: Create an empty copy of the current DataFrame, with identical schema but no data.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
...         "c": [True, True, False, True],
...     }
... )
>>> df.clone()
shape: (4, 3)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  │
│ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  │
└─────┴──────┴───────┘

collect_schema() → Schema[source]

Get an ordered mapping of column names to their data type.

This is an alias for the schema property.

See also

schema

Notes

This method is included to facilitate writing code that is generic for both DataFrame and LazyFrame.

Examples

Determine the schema.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.collect_schema()
Schema({'foo': Int64, 'bar': Float64, 'ham': String})

Access various properties of the schema using the Schema object.

>>> schema = df.collect_schema()
>>> schema["bar"]
Float64
>>> schema.names()
['foo', 'bar', 'ham']
>>> schema.dtypes()
[Int64, Float64, String]
>>> schema.len()
3

property columns: list[str][source]

Get or set column names.

Returns:

list of str: A list containing the name of each column in order.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.columns
['foo', 'bar', 'ham']

Set column names:

>>> df.columns = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
>>> df
shape: (3, 3)
┌───────┬────────┬────────┐
│ apple ┆ banana ┆ orange │
│ ---   ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
│ i64   ┆ i64    ┆ str    │
╞═══════╪════════╪════════╡
│ 1     ┆ 6      ┆ a      │
│ 2     ┆ 7      ┆ b      │
│ 3     ┆ 8      ┆ c      │
└───────┴────────┴────────┘

corr(**kwargs: Any) → DataFrame[source]

Return pairwise Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between columns.

See numpy corrcoef for more information: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.corrcoef.html

Parameters:

**kwargs: Keyword arguments are passed to numpy corrcoef.

Notes

This functionality requires numpy to be installed.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [3, 2, 1], "ham": [7, 8, 9]})
>>> df.corr()
shape: (3, 3)
┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
│ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham  │
│ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ f64  ┆ f64  ┆ f64  │
╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
│ 1.0  ┆ -1.0 ┆ 1.0  │
│ -1.0 ┆ 1.0  ┆ -1.0 │
│ 1.0  ┆ -1.0 ┆ 1.0  │
└──────┴──────┴──────┘

count() → DataFrame[source]

Return the number of non-null elements for each column.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {"a": [1, 2, 3, 4], "b": [1, 2, 1, None], "c": [None, None, None, None]}
... )
>>> df.count()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ u32 ┆ u32 ┆ u32 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 4   ┆ 3   ┆ 0   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

describe( percentiles: Sequence[float] | float | None = (0.25, 0.5, 0.75), *, interpolation: RollingInterpolationMethod = 'nearest', ) → DataFrame[source]

Summary statistics for a DataFrame.

Parameters:

percentiles: One or more percentiles to include in the summary statistics. All values must be in the range [0, 1].
interpolation{‘nearest’, ‘higher’, ‘lower’, ‘midpoint’, ‘linear’}: Interpolation method used when calculating percentiles.

Warning

We do not guarantee the output of describe to be stable. It will show statistics that we deem informative, and may be updated in the future. Using describe programmatically (versus interactive exploration) is not recommended for this reason.

See also

glimpse

Notes

The median is included by default as the 50% percentile.

Examples

>>> from datetime import date, time
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "float": [1.0, 2.8, 3.0],
...         "int": [40, 50, None],
...         "bool": [True, False, True],
...         "str": ["zz", "xx", "yy"],
...         "date": [date(2020, 1, 1), date(2021, 7, 5), date(2022, 12, 31)],
...         "time": [time(10, 20, 30), time(14, 45, 50), time(23, 15, 10)],
...     }
... )

Show default frame statistics:

>>> df.describe()
shape: (9, 7)
┌────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────┬─────────────────────┬──────────┐
│ statistic  ┆ float    ┆ int      ┆ bool     ┆ str  ┆ date                ┆ time     │
│ ---        ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---  ┆ ---                 ┆ ---      │
│ str        ┆ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ str  ┆ str                 ┆ str      │
╞════════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════╪═════════════════════╪══════════╡
│ count      ┆ 3.0      ┆ 2.0      ┆ 3.0      ┆ 3    ┆ 3                   ┆ 3        │
│ null_count ┆ 0.0      ┆ 1.0      ┆ 0.0      ┆ 0    ┆ 0                   ┆ 0        │
│ mean       ┆ 2.266667 ┆ 45.0     ┆ 0.666667 ┆ null ┆ 2021-07-02 16:00:00 ┆ 16:07:10 │
│ std        ┆ 1.101514 ┆ 7.071068 ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ null                ┆ null     │
│ min        ┆ 1.0      ┆ 40.0     ┆ 0.0      ┆ xx   ┆ 2020-01-01          ┆ 10:20:30 │
│ 25%        ┆ 2.8      ┆ 40.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2021-07-05          ┆ 14:45:50 │
│ 50%        ┆ 2.8      ┆ 50.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2021-07-05          ┆ 14:45:50 │
│ 75%        ┆ 3.0      ┆ 50.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2022-12-31          ┆ 23:15:10 │
│ max        ┆ 3.0      ┆ 50.0     ┆ 1.0      ┆ zz   ┆ 2022-12-31          ┆ 23:15:10 │
└────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────┴─────────────────────┴──────────┘

Customize which percentiles are displayed, applying linear interpolation:

>>> with pl.Config(tbl_rows=12):
...     df.describe(
...         percentiles=[0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9],
...         interpolation="linear",
...     )
shape: (11, 7)
┌────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────┬─────────────────────┬──────────┐
│ statistic  ┆ float    ┆ int      ┆ bool     ┆ str  ┆ date                ┆ time     │
│ ---        ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---  ┆ ---                 ┆ ---      │
│ str        ┆ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ str  ┆ str                 ┆ str      │
╞════════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════╪═════════════════════╪══════════╡
│ count      ┆ 3.0      ┆ 2.0      ┆ 3.0      ┆ 3    ┆ 3                   ┆ 3        │
│ null_count ┆ 0.0      ┆ 1.0      ┆ 0.0      ┆ 0    ┆ 0                   ┆ 0        │
│ mean       ┆ 2.266667 ┆ 45.0     ┆ 0.666667 ┆ null ┆ 2021-07-02 16:00:00 ┆ 16:07:10 │
│ std        ┆ 1.101514 ┆ 7.071068 ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ null                ┆ null     │
│ min        ┆ 1.0      ┆ 40.0     ┆ 0.0      ┆ xx   ┆ 2020-01-01          ┆ 10:20:30 │
│ 10%        ┆ 1.36     ┆ 41.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2020-04-20          ┆ 11:13:34 │
│ 30%        ┆ 2.08     ┆ 43.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2020-11-26          ┆ 12:59:42 │
│ 50%        ┆ 2.8      ┆ 45.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2021-07-05          ┆ 14:45:50 │
│ 70%        ┆ 2.88     ┆ 47.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2022-02-07          ┆ 18:09:34 │
│ 90%        ┆ 2.96     ┆ 49.0     ┆ null     ┆ null ┆ 2022-09-13          ┆ 21:33:18 │
│ max        ┆ 3.0      ┆ 50.0     ┆ 1.0      ┆ zz   ┆ 2022-12-31          ┆ 23:15:10 │
└────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────┴─────────────────────┴──────────┘

classmethod deserialize( source: str | Path | IOBase, *, format: SerializationFormat = 'binary', ) → DataFrame[source]

Read a serialized DataFrame from a file.

Parameters:

source

Path to a file or a file-like object (by file-like object, we refer to objects that have a read() method, such as a file handler (e.g. via builtin open function) or BytesIO).

format

The format with which the DataFrame was serialized. Options:

"binary": Deserialize from binary format (bytes). This is the default.
"json": Deserialize from JSON format (string).

See also

DataFrame.serialize

Notes

Serialization is not stable across Polars versions: a LazyFrame serialized in one Polars version may not be deserializable in another Polars version.

Examples

>>> import io
>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]})
>>> bytes = df.serialize()
>>> pl.DataFrame.deserialize(io.BytesIO(bytes))
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 4.0 │
│ 2   ┆ 5.0 │
│ 3   ┆ 6.0 │
└─────┴─────┘

drop( *columns: ColumnNameOrSelector | Iterable[ColumnNameOrSelector], strict: bool = True, ) → DataFrame[source]

Remove columns from the dataframe.

Parameters:

*columns: Names of the columns that should be removed from the dataframe. Accepts column selector input.
strict: Validate that all column names exist in the current schema, and throw an exception if any do not.

Examples

Drop a single column by passing the name of that column.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.drop("ham")
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6.0 │
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 │
│ 3   ┆ 8.0 │
└─────┴─────┘

Drop multiple columns by passing a list of column names.

>>> df.drop(["bar", "ham"])
shape: (3, 1)
┌─────┐
│ foo │
│ --- │
│ i64 │
╞═════╡
│ 1   │
│ 2   │
│ 3   │
└─────┘

Drop multiple columns by passing a selector.

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.drop(cs.numeric())
shape: (3, 1)
┌─────┐
│ ham │
│ --- │
│ str │
╞═════╡
│ a   │
│ b   │
│ c   │
└─────┘

Use positional arguments to drop multiple columns.

>>> df.drop("foo", "ham")
shape: (3, 1)
┌─────┐
│ bar │
│ --- │
│ f64 │
╞═════╡
│ 6.0 │
│ 7.0 │
│ 8.0 │
└─────┘

drop_in_place(name: str) → Series[source]

Drop a single column in-place and return the dropped column.

Parameters:

name: Name of the column to drop.

Returns:

Series: The dropped column.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.drop_in_place("ham")
shape: (3,)
Series: 'ham' [str]
[
    "a"
    "b"
    "c"
]

drop_nans( subset: ColumnNameOrSelector | Collection[ColumnNameOrSelector] | None = None, ) → DataFrame[source]

Drop all rows that contain one or more NaN values.

The original order of the remaining rows is preserved.

Parameters:

subset: Column name(s) for which NaN values are considered; if set to None (default), use all columns (note that only floating-point columns can contain NaNs).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [-20.5, float("nan"), 80.0],
...         "bar": [float("nan"), 110.0, 25.5],
...         "ham": ["xxx", "yyy", None],
...     }
... )

The default behavior of this method is to drop rows where any single value in the row is NaN:

>>> df.drop_nans()
shape: (1, 3)
┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
│ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham  │
│ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ f64  ┆ f64  ┆ str  │
╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
│ 80.0 ┆ 25.5 ┆ null │
└──────┴──────┴──────┘

This behaviour can be constrained to consider only a subset of columns, as defined by name, or with a selector. For example, dropping rows only if there is a NaN in the “bar” column:

>>> df.drop_nans(subset=["bar"])
shape: (2, 3)
┌──────┬───────┬──────┐
│ foo  ┆ bar   ┆ ham  │
│ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ ---  │
│ f64  ┆ f64   ┆ str  │
╞══════╪═══════╪══════╡
│ NaN  ┆ 110.0 ┆ yyy  │
│ 80.0 ┆ 25.5  ┆ null │
└──────┴───────┴──────┘

Dropping a row only if all values are NaN requires a different formulation:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [float("nan"), float("nan"), float("nan"), float("nan")],
...         "b": [10.0, 2.5, float("nan"), 5.25],
...         "c": [65.75, float("nan"), float("nan"), 10.5],
...     }
... )
>>> df.filter(~pl.all_horizontal(pl.all().is_nan()))
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
│ f64 ┆ f64  ┆ f64   │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╡
│ NaN ┆ 10.0 ┆ 65.75 │
│ NaN ┆ 2.5  ┆ NaN   │
│ NaN ┆ 5.25 ┆ 10.5  │
└─────┴──────┴───────┘

drop_nulls( subset: ColumnNameOrSelector | Collection[ColumnNameOrSelector] | None = None, ) → DataFrame[source]

Drop all rows that contain null values.

The original order of the remaining rows is preserved.

Parameters:

subset: Column name(s) for which null values are considered. If set to None (default), use all columns.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, None, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", None],
...     }
... )

The default behavior of this method is to drop rows where any single value of the row is null.

>>> df.drop_nulls()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

This behaviour can be constrained to consider only a subset of columns, as defined by name or with a selector. For example, dropping rows if there is a null in any of the integer columns:

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.drop_nulls(subset=cs.integer())
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str  │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a    │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ null │
└─────┴─────┴──────┘

Below are some additional examples that show how to drop null values based on other conditions.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [None, None, None, None],
...         "b": [1, 2, None, 1],
...         "c": [1, None, None, 1],
...     }
... )
>>> df
shape: (4, 3)
┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
│ a    ┆ b    ┆ c    │
│ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ null ┆ i64  ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
│ null ┆ 1    ┆ 1    │
│ null ┆ 2    ┆ null │
│ null ┆ null ┆ null │
│ null ┆ 1    ┆ 1    │
└──────┴──────┴──────┘

Drop a row only if all values are null:

>>> df.filter(~pl.all_horizontal(pl.all().is_null()))
shape: (3, 3)
┌──────┬─────┬──────┐
│ a    ┆ b   ┆ c    │
│ ---  ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ null ┆ i64 ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪═════╪══════╡
│ null ┆ 1   ┆ 1    │
│ null ┆ 2   ┆ null │
│ null ┆ 1   ┆ 1    │
└──────┴─────┴──────┘

Drop a column if all values are null:

>>> df[[s.name for s in df if not (s.null_count() == df.height)]]
shape: (4, 2)
┌──────┬──────┐
│ b    ┆ c    │
│ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ i64  ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪══════╡
│ 1    ┆ 1    │
│ 2    ┆ null │
│ null ┆ null │
│ 1    ┆ 1    │
└──────┴──────┘

property dtypes: list[DataType][source]

Get the column data types.

The data types can also be found in column headers when printing the DataFrame.

Returns:

list of DataType: A list containing the data type of each column in order.

See also

schema

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.dtypes
[Int64, Float64, String]
>>> df
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

equals( other: DataFrame, *, null_equal: bool = True, ) → bool[source]

Check whether the DataFrame is equal to another DataFrame.

Parameters:

other: DataFrame to compare with.
null_equal: Consider null values as equal.

See also

polars.testing.assert_frame_equal

Examples

>>> df1 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df2 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [3, 2, 1],
...         "bar": [8.0, 7.0, 6.0],
...         "ham": ["c", "b", "a"],
...     }
... )
>>> df1.equals(df1)
True
>>> df1.equals(df2)
False

estimated_size(unit: SizeUnit = 'b') → int | float[source]

Return an estimation of the total (heap) allocated size of the DataFrame.

Estimated size is given in the specified unit (bytes by default).

This estimation is the sum of the size of its buffers, validity, including nested arrays. Multiple arrays may share buffers and bitmaps. Therefore, the size of 2 arrays is not the sum of the sizes computed from this function. In particular, [StructArray]’s size is an upper bound.

When an array is sliced, its allocated size remains constant because the buffer unchanged. However, this function will yield a smaller number. This is because this function returns the visible size of the buffer, not its total capacity.

FFI buffers are included in this estimation.

Parameters:

unit{‘b’, ‘kb’, ‘mb’, ‘gb’, ‘tb’}: Scale the returned size to the given unit.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "x": list(reversed(range(1_000_000))),
...         "y": [v / 1000 for v in range(1_000_000)],
...         "z": [str(v) for v in range(1_000_000)],
...     },
...     schema=[("x", pl.UInt32), ("y", pl.Float64), ("z", pl.String)],
... )
>>> df.estimated_size()
17888890
>>> df.estimated_size("mb")
17.0601749420166

explode( columns: str | Expr | Sequence[str | Expr], *more_columns: str | Expr, ) → DataFrame[source]

Explode the dataframe to long format by exploding the given columns.

Parameters:

columns: Column names, expressions, or a selector defining them. The underlying columns being exploded must be of the List or Array data type.
*more_columns: Additional names of columns to explode, specified as positional arguments.

Returns:

DataFrame

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "letters": ["a", "a", "b", "c"],
...         "numbers": [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]],
...     }
... )
>>> df
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────────┬───────────┐
│ letters ┆ numbers   │
│ ---     ┆ ---       │
│ str     ┆ list[i64] │
╞═════════╪═══════════╡
│ a       ┆ [1]       │
│ a       ┆ [2, 3]    │
│ b       ┆ [4, 5]    │
│ c       ┆ [6, 7, 8] │
└─────────┴───────────┘
>>> df.explode("numbers")
shape: (8, 2)
┌─────────┬─────────┐
│ letters ┆ numbers │
│ ---     ┆ ---     │
│ str     ┆ i64     │
╞═════════╪═════════╡
│ a       ┆ 1       │
│ a       ┆ 2       │
│ a       ┆ 3       │
│ b       ┆ 4       │
│ b       ┆ 5       │
│ c       ┆ 6       │
│ c       ┆ 7       │
│ c       ┆ 8       │
└─────────┴─────────┘

extend( other: DataFrame, ) → DataFrame[source]

Extend the memory backed by this DataFrame with the values from other.

Different from vstack which adds the chunks from other to the chunks of this DataFrame, extend appends the data from other to the underlying memory locations and thus may cause a reallocation.

If this does not cause a reallocation, the resulting data structure will not have any extra chunks and thus will yield faster queries.

Prefer extend over vstack when you want to do a query after a single append. For instance, during online operations where you add n rows and rerun a query.

Prefer vstack over extend when you want to append many times before doing a query. For instance, when you read in multiple files and want to store them in a single DataFrame. In the latter case, finish the sequence of vstack operations with a rechunk.

Parameters:

other: DataFrame to vertically add.

Warning

This method modifies the dataframe in-place. The dataframe is returned for convenience only.

See also

vstack

Examples

>>> df1 = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> df2 = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [10, 20, 30], "bar": [40, 50, 60]})
>>> df1.extend(df2)
shape: (6, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 4   │
│ 2   ┆ 5   │
│ 3   ┆ 6   │
│ 10  ┆ 40  │
│ 20  ┆ 50  │
│ 30  ┆ 60  │
└─────┴─────┘

fill_nan(value: Expr | int | float | None) → DataFrame[source]

Fill floating point NaN values by an Expression evaluation.

Parameters:

value: Value with which to replace NaN values.

Returns:

DataFrame: DataFrame with NaN values replaced by the given value.

Warning

Note that floating point NaNs (Not a Number) are not missing values. To replace missing values, use fill_null().

See also

fill_null

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1.5, 2, float("nan"), 4],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, float("nan"), 13],
...     }
... )
>>> df.fill_nan(99)
shape: (4, 2)
┌──────┬──────┐
│ a    ┆ b    │
│ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ f64  ┆ f64  │
╞══════╪══════╡
│ 1.5  ┆ 0.5  │
│ 2.0  ┆ 4.0  │
│ 99.0 ┆ 99.0 │
│ 4.0  ┆ 13.0 │
└──────┴──────┘

fill_null( value: Any | Expr | None = None, strategy: FillNullStrategy | None = None, limit: int | None = None, *, matches_supertype: bool = True, ) → DataFrame[source]

Fill null values using the specified value or strategy.

Parameters:

value: Value used to fill null values.
strategy{None, ‘forward’, ‘backward’, ‘min’, ‘max’, ‘mean’, ‘zero’, ‘one’}: Strategy used to fill null values.
limit: Number of consecutive null values to fill when using the ‘forward’ or ‘backward’ strategy.
matches_supertype: Fill all matching supertype of the fill value.

Returns:

DataFrame: DataFrame with None values replaced by the filling strategy.

See also

fill_nan

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, None, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, None, 13],
...     }
... )
>>> df.fill_null(99)
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬──────┐
│ a   ┆ b    │
│ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ f64  │
╞═════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
│ 99  ┆ 99.0 │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
└─────┴──────┘
>>> df.fill_null(strategy="forward")
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬──────┐
│ a   ┆ b    │
│ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ f64  │
╞═════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
└─────┴──────┘

>>> df.fill_null(strategy="max")
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬──────┐
│ a   ┆ b    │
│ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ f64  │
╞═════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
└─────┴──────┘

>>> df.fill_null(strategy="zero")
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬──────┐
│ a   ┆ b    │
│ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ f64  │
╞═════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
│ 0   ┆ 0.0  │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 │
└─────┴──────┘

filter(

*predicates: IntoExprColumn | Iterable[IntoExprColumn] | bool | list[bool] | np.ndarray[Any, Any],

**constraints: Any,

) → DataFrame[source]

Filter the rows in the DataFrame based on one or more predicate expressions.

The original order of the remaining rows is preserved.

Rows where the filter does not evaluate to True are discarded, including nulls.

Parameters:

predicates: Expression(s) that evaluates to a boolean Series.
constraints: Column filters; use name = value to filter columns by the supplied value. Each constraint will behave the same as pl.col(name).eq(value), and will be implicitly joined with the other filter conditions using &.

Notes

If you are transitioning from pandas and performing filter operations based on the comparison of two or more columns, please note that in Polars, any comparison involving null values will always result in null. As a result, these rows will be filtered out. Ensure to handle null values appropriately to avoid unintended filtering (See examples below).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, None, 4, None, 0],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, None, None, 9, 0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", None, "d", "e", "f"],
...     }
... )

Filter on one condition:

>>> df.filter(pl.col("foo") > 1)
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬──────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar  ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64  ┆ str │
╞═════╪══════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ 7    ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8    ┆ c   │
│ 4   ┆ null ┆ d   │
└─────┴──────┴─────┘

Filter on multiple conditions, combined with and/or operators:

>>> df.filter((pl.col("foo") < 3) & (pl.col("ham") == "a"))
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

>>> df.filter((pl.col("foo") == 1) | (pl.col("ham") == "c"))
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Provide multiple filters using *args syntax:

>>> df.filter(
...     pl.col("foo") <= 2,
...     ~pl.col("ham").is_in(["b", "c"]),
... )
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 0   ┆ 0   ┆ f   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Provide multiple filters using **kwargs syntax:

>>> df.filter(foo=2, ham="b")
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Filter by comparing two columns against each other

>>> df.filter(pl.col("foo") == pl.col("bar"))
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 0   ┆ 0   ┆ f   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

>>> df.filter(pl.col("foo") != pl.col("bar"))
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Notice how the row with None values is filtered out. In order to keep the same behavior as pandas, use:

>>> df.filter(pl.col("foo").ne_missing(pl.col("bar")))
shape: (5, 3)
┌──────┬──────┬─────┐
│ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham │
│ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ --- │
│ i64  ┆ i64  ┆ str │
╞══════╪══════╪═════╡
│ 1    ┆ 6    ┆ a   │
│ 2    ┆ 7    ┆ b   │
│ 3    ┆ 8    ┆ c   │
│ 4    ┆ null ┆ d   │
│ null ┆ 9    ┆ e   │
└──────┴──────┴─────┘

property flags: dict[str, dict[str, bool]][source]

Get flags that are set on the columns of this DataFrame.

Returns:

dict: Mapping from column names to column flags.

fold(operation: Callable[[Series, Series], Series]) → Series[source]

Apply a horizontal reduction on a DataFrame.

This can be used to effectively determine aggregations on a row level, and can be applied to any DataType that can be supercasted (casted to a similar parent type).

An example of the supercast rules when applying an arithmetic operation on two DataTypes are for instance:

Int8 + String = String
Float32 + Int64 = Float32
Float32 + Float64 = Float64

Parameters:

operation: function that takes two Series and returns a Series.

Examples

A horizontal sum operation:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [2, 1, 3],
...         "b": [1, 2, 3],
...         "c": [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
...     }
... )
>>> df.fold(lambda s1, s2: s1 + s2)
shape: (3,)
Series: 'a' [f64]
[
    4.0
    5.0
    9.0
]

A horizontal minimum operation:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [2, 1, 3], "b": [1, 2, 3], "c": [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]})
>>> df.fold(lambda s1, s2: s1.zip_with(s1 < s2, s2))
shape: (3,)
Series: 'a' [f64]
[
    1.0
    1.0
    3.0
]

A horizontal string concatenation:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": ["foo", "bar", None],
...         "b": [1, 2, 3],
...         "c": [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
...     }
... )
>>> df.fold(lambda s1, s2: s1 + s2)
shape: (3,)
Series: 'a' [str]
[
    "foo11.0"
    "bar22.0"
    null
]

A horizontal boolean or, similar to a row-wise .any():

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [False, False, True],
...         "b": [False, True, False],
...     }
... )
>>> df.fold(lambda s1, s2: s1 | s2)
shape: (3,)
Series: 'a' [bool]
[
        false
        true
        true
]

gather_every(n: int, offset: int = 0) → DataFrame[source]

Take every nth row in the DataFrame and return as a new DataFrame.

Parameters:

n: Gather every n-th row.
offset: Starting index.

Examples

>>> s = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3, 4], "b": [5, 6, 7, 8]})
>>> s.gather_every(2)
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 5   │
│ 3   ┆ 7   │
└─────┴─────┘

>>> s.gather_every(2, offset=1)
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ 6   │
│ 4   ┆ 8   │
└─────┴─────┘

get_column( name: str, *, default: Any | NoDefault = <no_default>, ) → Series | Any[source]

Get a single column by name.

Parameters:

name: String name of the column to retrieve.
default: Value to return if the column does not exist; if not explicitly set and the column is not present a ColumnNotFoundError exception is raised.

Returns:

Series (or arbitrary default value, if specified).

See also

to_series

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> df.get_column("foo")
shape: (3,)
Series: 'foo' [i64]
[
    1
    2
    3
]

Missing column handling; can optionally provide an arbitrary default value to the method (otherwise a ColumnNotFoundError exception is raised).

>>> df.get_column("baz", default=pl.Series("baz", ["?", "?", "?"]))
shape: (3,)
Series: 'baz' [str]
[
    "?"
    "?"
    "?"
]
>>> res = df.get_column("baz", default=None)
>>> res is None
True

get_column_index(name: str) → int[source]

Find the index of a column by name.

Parameters:

name: Name of the column to find.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [6, 7, 8], "ham": ["a", "b", "c"]}
... )
>>> df.get_column_index("ham")
2
>>> df.get_column_index("sandwich")  
ColumnNotFoundError: sandwich

get_columns() → list[Series][source]

Get the DataFrame as a List of Series.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> df.get_columns()
[shape: (3,)
Series: 'foo' [i64]
[
        1
        2
        3
], shape: (3,)
Series: 'bar' [i64]
[
        4
        5
        6
]]

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
...         "c": [True, True, False, True],
...     }
... )
>>> df.get_columns()
[shape: (4,)
Series: 'a' [i64]
[
    1
    2
    3
    4
], shape: (4,)
Series: 'b' [f64]
[
    0.5
    4.0
    10.0
    13.0
], shape: (4,)
Series: 'c' [bool]
[
    true
    true
    false
    true
]]

glimpse( *, max_items_per_column: int = 10, max_colname_length: int = 50, return_as_string: bool = False, ) → str | None[source]

Return a dense preview of the DataFrame.

The formatting shows one line per column so that wide dataframes display cleanly. Each line shows the column name, the data type, and the first few values.

Parameters:

max_items_per_column: Maximum number of items to show per column.
max_colname_length: Maximum length of the displayed column names; values that exceed this value are truncated with a trailing ellipsis.
return_as_string: If True, return the preview as a string instead of printing to stdout.

See also

describe, head, tail

Examples

>>> from datetime import date
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1.0, 2.8, 3.0],
...         "b": [4, 5, None],
...         "c": [True, False, True],
...         "d": [None, "b", "c"],
...         "e": ["usd", "eur", None],
...         "f": [date(2020, 1, 1), date(2021, 1, 2), date(2022, 1, 1)],
...     }
... )
>>> df.glimpse()
Rows: 3
Columns: 6
$ a  <f64> 1.0, 2.8, 3.0
$ b  <i64> 4, 5, None
$ c <bool> True, False, True
$ d  <str> None, 'b', 'c'
$ e  <str> 'usd', 'eur', None
$ f <date> 2020-01-01, 2021-01-02, 2022-01-01

group_by(

*by: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr],

maintain_order: bool = False,

**named_by: IntoExpr,

) → GroupBy[source]

Start a group by operation.

Parameters:

*by: Column(s) to group by. Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names.
maintain_order: Ensure that the order of the groups is consistent with the input data. This is slower than a default group by. Settings this to True blocks the possibility to run on the streaming engine.

Note

Within each group, the order of rows is always preserved, regardless of this argument.
**named_by: Additional columns to group by, specified as keyword arguments. The columns will be renamed to the keyword used.

Returns:

GroupBy: Object which can be used to perform aggregations.

Examples

Group by one column and call agg to compute the grouped sum of another column.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": ["a", "b", "a", "b", "c"],
...         "b": [1, 2, 1, 3, 3],
...         "c": [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
...     }
... )
>>> df.group_by("a").agg(pl.col("b").sum())  
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 2   │
│ b   ┆ 5   │
│ c   ┆ 3   │
└─────┴─────┘

Set maintain_order=True to ensure the order of the groups is consistent with the input.

>>> df.group_by("a", maintain_order=True).agg(pl.col("c"))
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬───────────┐
│ a   ┆ c         │
│ --- ┆ ---       │
│ str ┆ list[i64] │
╞═════╪═══════════╡
│ a   ┆ [5, 3]    │
│ b   ┆ [4, 2]    │
│ c   ┆ [1]       │
└─────┴───────────┘

Group by multiple columns by passing a list of column names.

>>> df.group_by(["a", "b"]).agg(pl.max("c"))  
shape: (4, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 5   │
│ b   ┆ 2   ┆ 4   │
│ b   ┆ 3   ┆ 2   │
│ c   ┆ 3   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Or use positional arguments to group by multiple columns in the same way. Expressions are also accepted.

>>> df.group_by("a", pl.col("b") // 2).agg(pl.col("c").mean())  
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ f64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 0   ┆ 4.0 │
│ b   ┆ 1   ┆ 3.0 │
│ c   ┆ 1   ┆ 1.0 │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

The GroupBy object returned by this method is iterable, returning the name and data of each group.

>>> for name, data in df.group_by("a"):  
...     print(name)
...     print(data)
('a',)
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 5   │
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 3   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘
('b',)
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 2   ┆ 4   │
│ b   ┆ 3   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘
('c',)
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ c   ┆ 3   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

group_by_dynamic( index_column: IntoExpr, *, every: str | timedelta, period: str | timedelta | None = None, offset: str | timedelta | None = None, include_boundaries: bool = False, closed: ClosedInterval = 'left', label: Label = 'left', group_by: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr] | None = None, start_by: StartBy = 'window', ) → DynamicGroupBy[source]

Group based on a time value (or index value of type Int32, Int64).

Time windows are calculated and rows are assigned to windows. Different from a normal group by is that a row can be member of multiple groups. By default, the windows look like:

[start, start + period)
[start + every, start + every + period)
[start + 2*every, start + 2*every + period)
…

where start is determined by start_by, offset, every, and the earliest datapoint. See the start_by argument description for details.

Warning

The index column must be sorted in ascending order. If group_by is passed, then the index column must be sorted in ascending order within each group.

Parameters:

index_column

Column used to group based on the time window. Often of type Date/Datetime. This column must be sorted in ascending order (or, if group_by is specified, then it must be sorted in ascending order within each group).

In case of a dynamic group by on indices, dtype needs to be one of {Int32, Int64}. Note that Int32 gets temporarily cast to Int64, so if performance matters use an Int64 column.

every

interval of the window

period

length of the window, if None it will equal ‘every’

offset

offset of the window, does not take effect if start_by is ‘datapoint’. Defaults to zero.

include_boundaries

Add the lower and upper bound of the window to the “_lower_boundary” and “_upper_boundary” columns. This will impact performance because it’s harder to parallelize

closed{‘left’, ‘right’, ‘both’, ‘none’}

Define which sides of the temporal interval are closed (inclusive).

label{‘left’, ‘right’, ‘datapoint’}

Define which label to use for the window:

‘left’: lower boundary of the window
‘right’: upper boundary of the window
‘datapoint’: the first value of the index column in the given window. If you don’t need the label to be at one of the boundaries, choose this option for maximum performance

group_by

Also group by this column/these columns

start_by{‘window’, ‘datapoint’, ‘monday’, ‘tuesday’, ‘wednesday’, ‘thursday’, ‘friday’, ‘saturday’, ‘sunday’}

The strategy to determine the start of the first window by.

‘window’: Start by taking the earliest timestamp, truncating it with every, and then adding offset. Note that weekly windows start on Monday.
‘datapoint’: Start from the first encountered data point.
a day of the week (only takes effect if every contains 'w'):
- ‘monday’: Start the window on the Monday before the first data point.
- ‘tuesday’: Start the window on the Tuesday before the first data point.
- …
- ‘sunday’: Start the window on the Sunday before the first data point.
The resulting window is then shifted back until the earliest datapoint is in or in front of it.

Returns:

DynamicGroupBy: Object you can call .agg on to aggregate by groups, the result of which will be sorted by index_column (but note that if group_by columns are passed, it will only be sorted within each group).

See also

rolling

Notes

If you’re coming from pandas, then
```
# polars
df.group_by_dynamic("ts", every="1d").agg(pl.col("value").sum())
```
is equivalent to
```
# pandas
df.set_index("ts").resample("D")["value"].sum().reset_index()
```
though note that, unlike pandas, polars doesn’t add extra rows for empty windows. If you need index_column to be evenly spaced, then please combine with DataFrame.upsample().
The every, period and offset arguments are created with the following string language:
- 1ns (1 nanosecond)
- 1us (1 microsecond)
- 1ms (1 millisecond)
- 1s (1 second)
- 1m (1 minute)
- 1h (1 hour)
- 1d (1 calendar day)
- 1w (1 calendar week)
- 1mo (1 calendar month)
- 1q (1 calendar quarter)
- 1y (1 calendar year)
- 1i (1 index count)
Or combine them: “3d12h4m25s” # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds

By “calendar day”, we mean the corresponding time on the next day (which may not be 24 hours, due to daylight savings). Similarly for “calendar week”, “calendar month”, “calendar quarter”, and “calendar year”.

In case of a group_by_dynamic on an integer column, the windows are defined by:
- “1i” # length 1
- “10i” # length 10

Examples

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "time": pl.datetime_range(
...             start=datetime(2021, 12, 16),
...             end=datetime(2021, 12, 16, 3),
...             interval="30m",
...             eager=True,
...         ),
...         "n": range(7),
...     }
... )
>>> df
shape: (7, 2)
┌─────────────────────┬─────┐
│ time                ┆ n   │
│ ---                 ┆ --- │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ i64 │
╞═════════════════════╪═════╡
│ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 0   │
│ 2021-12-16 00:30:00 ┆ 1   │
│ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2   │
│ 2021-12-16 01:30:00 ┆ 3   │
│ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 4   │
│ 2021-12-16 02:30:00 ┆ 5   │
│ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 6   │
└─────────────────────┴─────┘

Group by windows of 1 hour.

>>> df.group_by_dynamic("time", every="1h", closed="right").agg(pl.col("n"))
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────────────────────┬───────────┐
│ time                ┆ n         │
│ ---                 ┆ ---       │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ list[i64] │
╞═════════════════════╪═══════════╡
│ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ [0]       │
│ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ [1, 2]    │
│ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ [3, 4]    │
│ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ [5, 6]    │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┘

The window boundaries can also be added to the aggregation result

>>> df.group_by_dynamic(
...     "time", every="1h", include_boundaries=True, closed="right"
... ).agg(pl.col("n").mean())
shape: (4, 4)
┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────┐
│ _lower_boundary     ┆ _upper_boundary     ┆ time                ┆ n   │
│ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ --- │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ f64 │
╞═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════╡
│ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 0.0 │
│ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 1.5 │
│ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 3.5 │
│ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 5.5 │
└─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────┘

When closed=”left”, the window excludes the right end of interval: [lower_bound, upper_bound)

>>> df.group_by_dynamic("time", every="1h", closed="left").agg(pl.col("n"))
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────────────────────┬───────────┐
│ time                ┆ n         │
│ ---                 ┆ ---       │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ list[i64] │
╞═════════════════════╪═══════════╡
│ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ [0, 1]    │
│ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ [2, 3]    │
│ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ [4, 5]    │
│ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ [6]       │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┘

When closed=”both” the time values at the window boundaries belong to 2 groups.

>>> df.group_by_dynamic("time", every="1h", closed="both").agg(pl.col("n"))
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────────────────────┬───────────┐
│ time                ┆ n         │
│ ---                 ┆ ---       │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ list[i64] │
╞═════════════════════╪═══════════╡
│ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ [0, 1, 2] │
│ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ [2, 3, 4] │
│ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ [4, 5, 6] │
│ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ [6]       │
└─────────────────────┴───────────┘

Dynamic group bys can also be combined with grouping on normal keys

>>> df = df.with_columns(groups=pl.Series(["a", "a", "a", "b", "b", "a", "a"]))
>>> df
shape: (7, 3)
┌─────────────────────┬─────┬────────┐
│ time                ┆ n   ┆ groups │
│ ---                 ┆ --- ┆ ---    │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ i64 ┆ str    │
╞═════════════════════╪═════╪════════╡
│ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 0   ┆ a      │
│ 2021-12-16 00:30:00 ┆ 1   ┆ a      │
│ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2   ┆ a      │
│ 2021-12-16 01:30:00 ┆ 3   ┆ b      │
│ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 4   ┆ b      │
│ 2021-12-16 02:30:00 ┆ 5   ┆ a      │
│ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 6   ┆ a      │
└─────────────────────┴─────┴────────┘
>>> df.group_by_dynamic(
...     "time",
...     every="1h",
...     closed="both",
...     group_by="groups",
...     include_boundaries=True,
... ).agg(pl.col("n"))
shape: (6, 5)
┌────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬───────────┐
│ groups ┆ _lower_boundary     ┆ _upper_boundary     ┆ time                ┆ n         │
│ ---    ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---       │
│ str    ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ list[i64] │
╞════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═══════════╡
│ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ [0, 1, 2] │
│ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ [2]       │
│ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ [5, 6]    │
│ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 04:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ [6]       │
│ b      ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ [3, 4]    │
│ b      ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ [4]       │
└────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴───────────┘

Dynamic group by on an index column

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "idx": pl.int_range(0, 6, eager=True),
...         "A": ["A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "C"],
...     }
... )
>>> (
...     df.group_by_dynamic(
...         "idx",
...         every="2i",
...         period="3i",
...         include_boundaries=True,
...         closed="right",
...     ).agg(pl.col("A").alias("A_agg_list"))
... )
shape: (4, 4)
┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬─────────────────┐
│ _lower_boundary ┆ _upper_boundary ┆ idx ┆ A_agg_list      │
│ ---             ┆ ---             ┆ --- ┆ ---             │
│ i64             ┆ i64             ┆ i64 ┆ list[str]       │
╞═════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪═════════════════╡
│ -2              ┆ 1               ┆ -2  ┆ ["A", "A"]      │
│ 0               ┆ 3               ┆ 0   ┆ ["A", "B", "B"] │
│ 2               ┆ 5               ┆ 2   ┆ ["B", "B", "C"] │
│ 4               ┆ 7               ┆ 4   ┆ ["C"]           │
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴─────────────────┘

hash_rows( seed: int = 0, seed_1: int | None = None, seed_2: int | None = None, seed_3: int | None = None, ) → Series[source]

Hash and combine the rows in this DataFrame.

The hash value is of type UInt64.

Parameters:

seed: Random seed parameter. Defaults to 0.
seed_1: Random seed parameter. Defaults to seed if not set.
seed_2: Random seed parameter. Defaults to seed if not set.
seed_3: Random seed parameter. Defaults to seed if not set.

Notes

This implementation of hash_rows does not guarantee stable results across different Polars versions. Its stability is only guaranteed within a single version.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, None, 3, 4],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", None, "d"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.hash_rows(seed=42)  
shape: (4,)
Series: '' [u64]
[
    10783150408545073287
    1438741209321515184
    10047419486152048166
    2047317070637311557
]

head(n: int = 5) → DataFrame[source]

Get the first n rows.

Parameters:

n: Number of rows to return. If a negative value is passed, return all rows except the last abs(n).

See also

tail, glimpse, slice

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.head(3)
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Pass a negative value to get all rows except the last abs(n).

>>> df.head(-3)
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

property height: int[source]

Get the number of rows.

Returns:

int

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]})
>>> df.height
5

hstack( columns: list[Series] | DataFrame, *, in_place: bool = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Return a new DataFrame grown horizontally by stacking multiple Series to it.

Parameters:

columns: Series to stack.
in_place: Modify in place.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> x = pl.Series("apple", [10, 20, 30])
>>> df.hstack([x])
shape: (3, 4)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ i64   │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   ┆ 10    │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   ┆ 20    │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   ┆ 30    │
└─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘

insert_column(index: int, column: IntoExprColumn) → DataFrame[source]

Insert a Series at a certain column index.

This operation is in place.

Parameters:

index: Index at which to insert the new column.
column: Series or expression to insert.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> s = pl.Series("baz", [97, 98, 99])
>>> df.insert_column(1, s)
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ baz ┆ bar │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 97  ┆ 4   │
│ 2   ┆ 98  ┆ 5   │
│ 3   ┆ 99  ┆ 6   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
...         "c": [True, True, False, True],
...     }
... )
>>> s = pl.Series("d", [-2.5, 15, 20.5, 0])
>>> df.insert_column(3, s)
shape: (4, 4)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┬──────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ d    │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ f64  │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ -2.5 │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 15.0 │
│ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 20.5 │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 0.0  │
└─────┴──────┴───────┴──────┘

interpolate() → DataFrame[source]

Interpolate intermediate values. The interpolation method is linear.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, None, 9, 10],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 9, None],
...         "baz": [1, None, None, 9],
...     }
... )
>>> df.interpolate()
shape: (4, 3)
┌──────┬──────┬──────────┐
│ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ baz      │
│ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---      │
│ f64  ┆ f64  ┆ f64      │
╞══════╪══════╪══════════╡
│ 1.0  ┆ 6.0  ┆ 1.0      │
│ 5.0  ┆ 7.0  ┆ 3.666667 │
│ 9.0  ┆ 9.0  ┆ 6.333333 │
│ 10.0 ┆ null ┆ 9.0      │
└──────┴──────┴──────────┘

is_duplicated() → Series[source]

Get a mask of all duplicated rows in this DataFrame.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 1],
...         "b": ["x", "y", "z", "x"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.is_duplicated()
shape: (4,)
Series: '' [bool]
[
        true
        false
        false
        true
]

This mask can be used to visualize the duplicated lines like this:

>>> df.filter(df.is_duplicated())
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ x   │
│ 1   ┆ x   │
└─────┴─────┘

is_empty() → bool[source]

Returns True if the DataFrame contains no rows.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> df.is_empty()
False
>>> df.filter(pl.col("foo") > 99).is_empty()
True

is_unique() → Series[source]

Get a mask of all unique rows in this DataFrame.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 1],
...         "b": ["x", "y", "z", "x"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.is_unique()
shape: (4,)
Series: '' [bool]
[
        false
        true
        true
        false
]

This mask can be used to visualize the unique lines like this:

>>> df.filter(df.is_unique())
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ y   │
│ 3   ┆ z   │
└─────┴─────┘

item(row: int | None = None, column: int | str | None = None) → Any[source]

Return the DataFrame as a scalar, or return the element at the given row/column.

Parameters:

row: Optional row index.
column: Optional column index or name.

See also

row: Get the values of a single row, either by index or by predicate.

Notes

If row/col not provided, this is equivalent to df[0,0], with a check that the shape is (1,1). With row/col, this is equivalent to df[row,col].

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> df.select((pl.col("a") * pl.col("b")).sum()).item()
32
>>> df.item(1, 1)
5
>>> df.item(2, "b")
6

iter_columns() → Iterator[Series][source]

Returns an iterator over the columns of this DataFrame.

Yields:

Series

Notes

Consider whether you can use all() instead. If you can, it will be more efficient.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 3, 5],
...         "b": [2, 4, 6],
...     }
... )
>>> [s.name for s in df.iter_columns()]
['a', 'b']

If you’re using this to modify a dataframe’s columns, e.g.

>>> # Do NOT do this
>>> pl.DataFrame(column * 2 for column in df.iter_columns())
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ 4   │
│ 6   ┆ 8   │
│ 10  ┆ 12  │
└─────┴─────┘

then consider whether you can use all() instead:

>>> df.select(pl.all() * 2)
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ 4   │
│ 6   ┆ 8   │
│ 10  ┆ 12  │
└─────┴─────┘

iter_rows( *, named: bool = False, buffer_size: int = 512, ) → Iterator[tuple[Any, ...]] | Iterator[dict[str, Any]][source]

Returns an iterator over the DataFrame of rows of python-native values.

Parameters:

named: Return dictionaries instead of tuples. The dictionaries are a mapping of column name to row value. This is more expensive than returning a regular tuple, but allows for accessing values by column name.
buffer_size: Determines the number of rows that are buffered internally while iterating over the data; you should only modify this in very specific cases where the default value is determined not to be a good fit to your access pattern, as the speedup from using the buffer is significant (~2-4x). Setting this value to zero disables row buffering (not recommended).

Returns:

iterator of tuples (default) or dictionaries (if named) of python row values

Warning

Row iteration is not optimal as the underlying data is stored in columnar form; where possible, prefer export via one of the dedicated export/output methods that deals with columnar data.

See also

rows: Materialises all frame data as a list of rows (potentially expensive).
rows_by_key: Materialises frame data as a key-indexed dictionary.

Notes

If you have ns-precision temporal values you should be aware that Python natively only supports up to μs-precision; ns-precision values will be truncated to microseconds on conversion to Python. If this matters to your use-case you should export to a different format (such as Arrow or NumPy).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 3, 5],
...         "b": [2, 4, 6],
...     }
... )
>>> [row[0] for row in df.iter_rows()]
[1, 3, 5]
>>> [row["b"] for row in df.iter_rows(named=True)]
[2, 4, 6]

iter_slices(n_rows: int = 10000) → Iterator[DataFrame][source]

Returns a non-copying iterator of slices over the underlying DataFrame.

Parameters:

n_rows: Determines the number of rows contained in each DataFrame slice.

See also

iter_rows: Row iterator over frame data (does not materialise all rows).
partition_by: Split into multiple DataFrames, partitioned by groups.

Examples

>>> from datetime import date
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     data={
...         "a": range(17_500),
...         "b": date(2023, 1, 1),
...         "c": "klmnoopqrstuvwxyz",
...     },
...     schema_overrides={"a": pl.Int32},
... )
>>> for idx, frame in enumerate(df.iter_slices()):
...     print(f"{type(frame).__name__}:[{idx}]:{len(frame)}")
DataFrame:[0]:10000
DataFrame:[1]:7500

Using iter_slices is an efficient way to chunk-iterate over DataFrames and any supported frame export/conversion types; for example, as RecordBatches:

>>> for frame in df.iter_slices(n_rows=15_000):
...     record_batch = frame.to_arrow().to_batches()[0]
...     print(f"{record_batch.schema}\n<< {len(record_batch)}")
a: int32
b: date32[day]
c: large_string
<< 15000
a: int32
b: date32[day]
c: large_string
<< 2500

Join in SQL-like fashion.

Parameters:

other

DataFrame to join with.

on

Name(s) of the join columns in both DataFrames.

how{‘inner’, ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘full’, ‘semi’, ‘anti’, ‘cross’}

Join strategy.

inner
Returns rows that have matching values in both tables
left
Returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table
right
Returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left table
full
Returns all rows when there is a match in either left or right table
cross
Returns the Cartesian product of rows from both tables
semi
Returns rows from the left table that have a match in the right table.
anti
Returns rows from the left table that have no match in the right table.

left_on

Name(s) of the left join column(s).

right_on

Name(s) of the right join column(s).

suffix

Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.

validate: {‘m:m’, ‘m:1’, ‘1:m’, ‘1:1’}

Checks if join is of specified type.

many_to_many
“m:m”: default, does not result in checks

one_to_one
“1:1”: check if join keys are unique in both left and right datasets

one_to_many
“1:m”: check if join keys are unique in left dataset

many_to_one
“m:1”: check if join keys are unique in right dataset

Note

This is currently not supported by the streaming engine.

join_nulls

Join on null values. By default null values will never produce matches.

coalesce

Coalescing behavior (merging of join columns).

None: -> join specific.
True: -> Always coalesce join columns.
False: -> Never coalesce join columns.

Note

Joining on any other expressions than col will turn off coalescing.

maintain_order{‘none’, ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘left_right’, ‘right_left’}

Which DataFrame row order to preserve, if any. Do not rely on any observed ordering without explicitly setting this parameter, as your code may break in a future release. Not specifying any ordering can improve performance Supported for inner, left, right and full joins

none
No specific ordering is desired. The ordering might differ across Polars versions or even between different runs.
left
Preserves the order of the left DataFrame.
right
Preserves the order of the right DataFrame.
left_right
First preserves the order of the left DataFrame, then the right.
right_left
First preserves the order of the right DataFrame, then the left.

See also

join_asof

Notes

For joining on columns with categorical data, see polars.StringCache.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> other_df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "apple": ["x", "y", "z"],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "d"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.join(other_df, on="ham")
shape: (2, 4)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str ┆ str   │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   ┆ x     │
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   ┆ y     │
└─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘

>>> df.join(other_df, on="ham", how="full")
shape: (4, 5)
┌──────┬──────┬──────┬───────┬───────────┐
│ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham  ┆ apple ┆ ham_right │
│ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ ---       │
│ i64  ┆ f64  ┆ str  ┆ str   ┆ str       │
╞══════╪══════╪══════╪═══════╪═══════════╡
│ 1    ┆ 6.0  ┆ a    ┆ x     ┆ a         │
│ 2    ┆ 7.0  ┆ b    ┆ y     ┆ b         │
│ null ┆ null ┆ null ┆ z     ┆ d         │
│ 3    ┆ 8.0  ┆ c    ┆ null  ┆ null      │
└──────┴──────┴──────┴───────┴───────────┘

>>> df.join(other_df, on="ham", how="left", coalesce=True)
shape: (3, 4)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str ┆ str   │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   ┆ x     │
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   ┆ y     │
│ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   ┆ null  │
└─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘

>>> df.join(other_df, on="ham", how="semi")
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

>>> df.join(other_df, on="ham", how="anti")
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Perform an asof join.

This is similar to a left-join except that we match on nearest key rather than equal keys.

Both DataFrames must be sorted by the asof_join key.

For each row in the left DataFrame:

A “backward” search selects the last row in the right DataFrame whose ‘on’ key is less than or equal to the left’s key.

A “forward” search selects the first row in the right DataFrame whose ‘on’ key is greater than or equal to the left’s key.

A “nearest” search selects the last row in the right DataFrame whose value is nearest to the left’s key. String keys are not currently supported for a nearest search.

The default is “backward”.

Parameters:

other

Lazy DataFrame to join with.

left_on

Join column of the left DataFrame.

right_on

Join column of the right DataFrame.

on

Join column of both DataFrames. If set, left_on and right_on should be None.

by

join on these columns before doing asof join

by_left

join on these columns before doing asof join

by_right

join on these columns before doing asof join

strategy{‘backward’, ‘forward’, ‘nearest’}

Join strategy.

suffix

Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.

tolerance

Numeric tolerance. By setting this the join will only be done if the near keys are within this distance. If an asof join is done on columns of dtype “Date”, “Datetime”, “Duration” or “Time”, use either a datetime.timedelta object or the following string language:

1ns (1 nanosecond)

1us (1 microsecond)

1ms (1 millisecond)

1s (1 second)

1m (1 minute)

1h (1 hour)

1d (1 calendar day)

1w (1 calendar week)

1mo (1 calendar month)

1q (1 calendar quarter)

1y (1 calendar year)

Or combine them: “3d12h4m25s” # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds

By “calendar day”, we mean the corresponding time on the next day (which may not be 24 hours, due to daylight savings). Similarly for “calendar week”, “calendar month”, “calendar quarter”, and “calendar year”.

allow_parallel

Allow the physical plan to optionally evaluate the computation of both DataFrames up to the join in parallel.

force_parallel

Force the physical plan to evaluate the computation of both DataFrames up to the join in parallel.

coalesce

Coalescing behavior (merging of on / left_on / right_on columns):

True: -> Always coalesce join columns.
False: -> Never coalesce join columns.

Note that joining on any other expressions than col will turn off coalescing.

Examples

>>> from datetime import date
>>> gdp = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "date": pl.date_range(
...             date(2016, 1, 1),
...             date(2020, 1, 1),
...             "1y",
...             eager=True,
...         ),
...         "gdp": [4164, 4411, 4566, 4696, 4827],
...     }
... )
>>> gdp
shape: (5, 2)
┌────────────┬──────┐
│ date       ┆ gdp  │
│ ---        ┆ ---  │
│ date       ┆ i64  │
╞════════════╪══════╡
│ 2016-01-01 ┆ 4164 │
│ 2017-01-01 ┆ 4411 │
│ 2018-01-01 ┆ 4566 │
│ 2019-01-01 ┆ 4696 │
│ 2020-01-01 ┆ 4827 │
└────────────┴──────┘

>>> population = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "date": [date(2016, 3, 1), date(2018, 8, 1), date(2019, 1, 1)],
...         "population": [82.19, 82.66, 83.12],
...     }
... ).sort("date")
>>> population
shape: (3, 2)
┌────────────┬────────────┐
│ date       ┆ population │
│ ---        ┆ ---        │
│ date       ┆ f64        │
╞════════════╪════════════╡
│ 2016-03-01 ┆ 82.19      │
│ 2018-08-01 ┆ 82.66      │
│ 2019-01-01 ┆ 83.12      │
└────────────┴────────────┘

Note how the dates don’t quite match. If we join them using join_asof and strategy='backward', then each date from population which doesn’t have an exact match is matched with the closest earlier date from gdp:

>>> population.join_asof(gdp, on="date", strategy="backward")
shape: (3, 3)
┌────────────┬────────────┬──────┐
│ date       ┆ population ┆ gdp  │
│ ---        ┆ ---        ┆ ---  │
│ date       ┆ f64        ┆ i64  │
╞════════════╪════════════╪══════╡
│ 2016-03-01 ┆ 82.19      ┆ 4164 │
│ 2018-08-01 ┆ 82.66      ┆ 4566 │
│ 2019-01-01 ┆ 83.12      ┆ 4696 │
└────────────┴────────────┴──────┘

Note how:

date 2016-03-01 from population is matched with 2016-01-01 from gdp;
date 2018-08-01 from population is matched with 2018-01-01 from gdp.

You can verify this by passing coalesce=False:

>>> population.join_asof(gdp, on="date", strategy="backward", coalesce=False)
shape: (3, 4)
┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬──────┐
│ date       ┆ population ┆ date_right ┆ gdp  │
│ ---        ┆ ---        ┆ ---        ┆ ---  │
│ date       ┆ f64        ┆ date       ┆ i64  │
╞════════════╪════════════╪════════════╪══════╡
│ 2016-03-01 ┆ 82.19      ┆ 2016-01-01 ┆ 4164 │
│ 2018-08-01 ┆ 82.66      ┆ 2018-01-01 ┆ 4566 │
│ 2019-01-01 ┆ 83.12      ┆ 2019-01-01 ┆ 4696 │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴──────┘

If we instead use strategy='forward', then each date from population which doesn’t have an exact match is matched with the closest later date from gdp:

>>> population.join_asof(gdp, on="date", strategy="forward")
shape: (3, 3)
┌────────────┬────────────┬──────┐
│ date       ┆ population ┆ gdp  │
│ ---        ┆ ---        ┆ ---  │
│ date       ┆ f64        ┆ i64  │
╞════════════╪════════════╪══════╡
│ 2016-03-01 ┆ 82.19      ┆ 4411 │
│ 2018-08-01 ┆ 82.66      ┆ 4696 │
│ 2019-01-01 ┆ 83.12      ┆ 4696 │
└────────────┴────────────┴──────┘

Note how:

date 2016-03-01 from population is matched with 2017-01-01 from gdp;
date 2018-08-01 from population is matched with 2019-01-01 from gdp.

Finally, strategy='nearest' gives us a mix of the two results above, as each date from population which doesn’t have an exact match is matched with the closest date from gdp, regardless of whether it’s earlier or later:

>>> population.join_asof(gdp, on="date", strategy="nearest")
shape: (3, 3)
┌────────────┬────────────┬──────┐
│ date       ┆ population ┆ gdp  │
│ ---        ┆ ---        ┆ ---  │
│ date       ┆ f64        ┆ i64  │
╞════════════╪════════════╪══════╡
│ 2016-03-01 ┆ 82.19      ┆ 4164 │
│ 2018-08-01 ┆ 82.66      ┆ 4696 │
│ 2019-01-01 ┆ 83.12      ┆ 4696 │
└────────────┴────────────┴──────┘

Note how:

date 2016-03-01 from population is matched with 2016-01-01 from gdp;
date 2018-08-01 from population is matched with 2019-01-01 from gdp.

They by argument allows joining on another column first, before the asof join. In this example we join by country first, then asof join by date, as above.

>>> gdp_dates = pl.date_range(  # fmt: skip
...     date(2016, 1, 1), date(2020, 1, 1), "1y", eager=True
... )
>>> gdp2 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "country": ["Germany"] * 5 + ["Netherlands"] * 5,
...         "date": pl.concat([gdp_dates, gdp_dates]),
...         "gdp": [4164, 4411, 4566, 4696, 4827, 784, 833, 914, 910, 909],
...     }
... ).sort("country", "date")
>>>
>>> gdp2
shape: (10, 3)
┌─────────────┬────────────┬──────┐
│ country     ┆ date       ┆ gdp  │
│ ---         ┆ ---        ┆ ---  │
│ str         ┆ date       ┆ i64  │
╞═════════════╪════════════╪══════╡
│ Germany     ┆ 2016-01-01 ┆ 4164 │
│ Germany     ┆ 2017-01-01 ┆ 4411 │
│ Germany     ┆ 2018-01-01 ┆ 4566 │
│ Germany     ┆ 2019-01-01 ┆ 4696 │
│ Germany     ┆ 2020-01-01 ┆ 4827 │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2016-01-01 ┆ 784  │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2017-01-01 ┆ 833  │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2018-01-01 ┆ 914  │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2019-01-01 ┆ 910  │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2020-01-01 ┆ 909  │
└─────────────┴────────────┴──────┘
>>> pop2 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "country": ["Germany"] * 3 + ["Netherlands"] * 3,
...         "date": [
...             date(2016, 3, 1),
...             date(2018, 8, 1),
...             date(2019, 1, 1),
...             date(2016, 3, 1),
...             date(2018, 8, 1),
...             date(2019, 1, 1),
...         ],
...         "population": [82.19, 82.66, 83.12, 17.11, 17.32, 17.40],
...     }
... ).sort("country", "date")
>>>
>>> pop2
shape: (6, 3)
┌─────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ country     ┆ date       ┆ population │
│ ---         ┆ ---        ┆ ---        │
│ str         ┆ date       ┆ f64        │
╞═════════════╪════════════╪════════════╡
│ Germany     ┆ 2016-03-01 ┆ 82.19      │
│ Germany     ┆ 2018-08-01 ┆ 82.66      │
│ Germany     ┆ 2019-01-01 ┆ 83.12      │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2016-03-01 ┆ 17.11      │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2018-08-01 ┆ 17.32      │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2019-01-01 ┆ 17.4       │
└─────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘
>>> pop2.join_asof(gdp2, by="country", on="date", strategy="nearest")
shape: (6, 4)
┌─────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬──────┐
│ country     ┆ date       ┆ population ┆ gdp  │
│ ---         ┆ ---        ┆ ---        ┆ ---  │
│ str         ┆ date       ┆ f64        ┆ i64  │
╞═════════════╪════════════╪════════════╪══════╡
│ Germany     ┆ 2016-03-01 ┆ 82.19      ┆ 4164 │
│ Germany     ┆ 2018-08-01 ┆ 82.66      ┆ 4696 │
│ Germany     ┆ 2019-01-01 ┆ 83.12      ┆ 4696 │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2016-03-01 ┆ 17.11      ┆ 784  │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2018-08-01 ┆ 17.32      ┆ 910  │
│ Netherlands ┆ 2019-01-01 ┆ 17.4       ┆ 910  │
└─────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴──────┘

join_where( other: DataFrame, *predicates: Expr | Iterable[Expr], suffix: str = '_right', ) → DataFrame[source]

Perform a join based on one or multiple (in)equality predicates.

This performs an inner join, so only rows where all predicates are true are included in the result, and a row from either DataFrame may be included multiple times in the result.

Note

The row order of the input DataFrames is not preserved.

Warning

This functionality is experimental. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

Parameters:

other: DataFrame to join with.
*predicates: (In)Equality condition to join the two tables on. When a column name occurs in both tables, the proper suffix must be applied in the predicate.
suffix: Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.

Examples

>>> east = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "id": [100, 101, 102],
...         "dur": [120, 140, 160],
...         "rev": [12, 14, 16],
...         "cores": [2, 8, 4],
...     }
... )
>>> west = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "t_id": [404, 498, 676, 742],
...         "time": [90, 130, 150, 170],
...         "cost": [9, 13, 15, 16],
...         "cores": [4, 2, 1, 4],
...     }
... )
>>> east.join_where(
...     west,
...     pl.col("dur") < pl.col("time"),
...     pl.col("rev") < pl.col("cost"),
... )
shape: (5, 8)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬──────┬─────────────┐
│ id  ┆ dur ┆ rev ┆ cores ┆ t_id ┆ time ┆ cost ┆ cores_right │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   ┆ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---         │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64   ┆ i64  ┆ i64  ┆ i64  ┆ i64         │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╪══════╪══════╪══════╪═════════════╡
│ 100 ┆ 120 ┆ 12  ┆ 2     ┆ 498  ┆ 130  ┆ 13   ┆ 2           │
│ 100 ┆ 120 ┆ 12  ┆ 2     ┆ 676  ┆ 150  ┆ 15   ┆ 1           │
│ 100 ┆ 120 ┆ 12  ┆ 2     ┆ 742  ┆ 170  ┆ 16   ┆ 4           │
│ 101 ┆ 140 ┆ 14  ┆ 8     ┆ 676  ┆ 150  ┆ 15   ┆ 1           │
│ 101 ┆ 140 ┆ 14  ┆ 8     ┆ 742  ┆ 170  ┆ 16   ┆ 4           │
└─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┴──────┴──────┴──────┴─────────────┘

lazy() → LazyFrame[source]

Start a lazy query from this point. This returns a LazyFrame object.

Operations on a LazyFrame are not executed until this is triggered by calling one of:

.collect()
(run on all data)
.explain()
(print the query plan)
.show_graph()
(show the query plan as graphviz graph)
.collect_schema()
(return the final frame schema)

Lazy operations are recommended because they allow for query optimization and additional parallelism.

Returns:

LazyFrame

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [None, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, None, 2.5, 13],
...         "c": [True, True, False, None],
...     }
... )
>>> df.lazy()  
<LazyFrame at ...>

limit(n: int = 5) → DataFrame[source]

Get the first n rows.

Alias for DataFrame.head().

Parameters:

n: Number of rows to return. If a negative value is passed, return all rows except the last abs(n).

See also

head

Examples

Get the first 3 rows of a DataFrame.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.limit(3)
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

map_rows( function: Callable[[tuple[Any, ...]], Any], return_dtype: PolarsDataType | None = None, *, inference_size: int = 256, ) → DataFrame[source]

Apply a custom/user-defined function (UDF) over the rows of the DataFrame.

Warning

This method is much slower than the native expressions API. Only use it if you cannot implement your logic otherwise.

The UDF will receive each row as a tuple of values: udf(row).

Implementing logic using a Python function is almost always significantly slower and more memory intensive than implementing the same logic using the native expression API because:

The native expression engine runs in Rust; UDFs run in Python.
Use of Python UDFs forces the DataFrame to be materialized in memory.
Polars-native expressions can be parallelised (UDFs typically cannot).
Polars-native expressions can be logically optimised (UDFs cannot).

Wherever possible you should strongly prefer the native expression API to achieve the best performance.

Parameters:

function: Custom function or lambda.
return_dtype: Output type of the operation. If none given, Polars tries to infer the type.
inference_size: Only used in the case when the custom function returns rows. This uses the first n rows to determine the output schema.

Notes

The frame-level map_rows cannot track column names (as the UDF is a black-box that may arbitrarily drop, rearrange, transform, or add new columns); if you want to apply a UDF such that column names are preserved, you should use the expression-level map_elements syntax instead.
If your function is expensive and you don’t want it to be called more than once for a given input, consider applying an @lru_cache decorator to it. If your data is suitable you may achieve significant speedups.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [-1, 5, 8]})

Return a DataFrame by mapping each row to a tuple:

>>> df.map_rows(lambda t: (t[0] * 2, t[1] * 3))
shape: (3, 2)
┌──────────┬──────────┐
│ column_0 ┆ column_1 │
│ ---      ┆ ---      │
│ i64      ┆ i64      │
╞══════════╪══════════╡
│ 2        ┆ -3       │
│ 4        ┆ 15       │
│ 6        ┆ 24       │
└──────────┴──────────┘

However, it is much better to implement this with a native expression:

>>> df.select(
...     pl.col("foo") * 2,
...     pl.col("bar") * 3,
... )  

Return a DataFrame with a single column by mapping each row to a scalar:

>>> df.map_rows(lambda t: (t[0] * 2 + t[1]))
shape: (3, 1)
┌─────┐
│ map │
│ --- │
│ i64 │
╞═════╡
│ 1   │
│ 9   │
│ 14  │
└─────┘

In this case it is better to use the following native expression:

>>> df.select(pl.col("foo") * 2 + pl.col("bar"))  

max() → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their maximum value.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.max()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

max_horizontal() → Series[source]

Get the maximum value horizontally across columns.

Returns:

Series: A Series named "max".

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0],
...     }
... )
>>> df.max_horizontal()
shape: (3,)
Series: 'max' [f64]
[
        4.0
        5.0
        6.0
]

mean() → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their mean value.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...         "spam": [True, False, None],
...     }
... )
>>> df.mean()
shape: (1, 4)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┬──────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  ┆ spam │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  ┆ f64  │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╪══════╡
│ 2.0 ┆ 7.0 ┆ null ┆ 0.5  │
└─────┴─────┴──────┴──────┘

mean_horizontal(*, ignore_nulls: bool = True) → Series[source]

Take the mean of all values horizontally across columns.

Parameters:

ignore_nulls: Ignore null values (default). If set to False, any null value in the input will lead to a null output.

Returns:

Series: A Series named "mean".

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0],
...     }
... )
>>> df.mean_horizontal()
shape: (3,)
Series: 'mean' [f64]
[
        2.5
        3.5
        4.5
]

median() → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their median value.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.median()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
│ 2.0 ┆ 7.0 ┆ null │
└─────┴─────┴──────┘

Unpivot a DataFrame from wide to long format.

Optionally leaves identifiers set.

This function is useful to massage a DataFrame into a format where one or more columns are identifier variables (id_vars) while all other columns, considered measured variables (value_vars), are “unpivoted” to the row axis leaving just two non-identifier columns, ‘variable’ and ‘value’.

Deprecated since version 1.0.0: Please use unpivot() instead.

Parameters:

id_vars: Column(s) or selector(s) to use as identifier variables.
value_vars: Column(s) or selector(s) to use as values variables; if value_vars is empty all columns that are not in id_vars will be used.
variable_name: Name to give to the variable column. Defaults to “variable”
value_name: Name to give to the value column. Defaults to “value”

merge_sorted( other: DataFrame, key: str, ) → DataFrame[source]

Take two sorted DataFrames and merge them by the sorted key.

The output of this operation will also be sorted. It is the callers responsibility that the frames are sorted by that key otherwise the output will not make sense.

The schemas of both DataFrames must be equal.

Parameters:

other: Other DataFrame that must be merged
key: Key that is sorted.

Examples

>>> df0 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {"name": ["steve", "elise", "bob"], "age": [42, 44, 18]}
... ).sort("age")
>>> df0
shape: (3, 2)
┌───────┬─────┐
│ name  ┆ age │
│ ---   ┆ --- │
│ str   ┆ i64 │
╞═══════╪═════╡
│ bob   ┆ 18  │
│ steve ┆ 42  │
│ elise ┆ 44  │
└───────┴─────┘
>>> df1 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {"name": ["anna", "megan", "steve", "thomas"], "age": [21, 33, 42, 20]}
... ).sort("age")
>>> df1
shape: (4, 2)
┌────────┬─────┐
│ name   ┆ age │
│ ---    ┆ --- │
│ str    ┆ i64 │
╞════════╪═════╡
│ thomas ┆ 20  │
│ anna   ┆ 21  │
│ megan  ┆ 33  │
│ steve  ┆ 42  │
└────────┴─────┘
>>> df0.merge_sorted(df1, key="age")
shape: (7, 2)
┌────────┬─────┐
│ name   ┆ age │
│ ---    ┆ --- │
│ str    ┆ i64 │
╞════════╪═════╡
│ bob    ┆ 18  │
│ thomas ┆ 20  │
│ anna   ┆ 21  │
│ megan  ┆ 33  │
│ steve  ┆ 42  │
│ steve  ┆ 42  │
│ elise  ┆ 44  │
└────────┴─────┘

min() → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their minimum value.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.min()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

min_horizontal() → Series[source]

Get the minimum value horizontally across columns.

Returns:

Series: A Series named "min".

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0],
...     }
... )
>>> df.min_horizontal()
shape: (3,)
Series: 'min' [f64]
[
        1.0
        2.0
        3.0
]

n_chunks(strategy: Literal['first', 'all'] = 'first') → int | list[int][source]

Get number of chunks used by the ChunkedArrays of this DataFrame.

Parameters:

strategy{‘first’, ‘all’}: Return the number of chunks of the ‘first’ column, or ‘all’ columns in this DataFrame.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
...         "c": [True, True, False, True],
...     }
... )
>>> df.n_chunks()
1
>>> df.n_chunks(strategy="all")
[1, 1, 1]

n_unique(subset: str | Expr | Sequence[str | Expr] | None = None) → int[source]

Return the number of unique rows, or the number of unique row-subsets.

Parameters:

subset: One or more columns/expressions that define what to count; omit to return the count of unique rows.

Notes

This method operates at the DataFrame level; to operate on subsets at the expression level you can make use of struct-packing instead, for example:

>>> expr_unique_subset = pl.struct("a", "b").n_unique()

If instead you want to count the number of unique values per-column, you can also use expression-level syntax to return a new frame containing that result:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 4]], schema=["a", "b", "c"], orient="row"
... )
>>> df_nunique = df.select(pl.all().n_unique())

In aggregate context there is also an equivalent method for returning the unique values per-group:

>>> df_agg_nunique = df.group_by("a").n_unique()

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "b": [0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0],
...         "c": [True, True, True, False, True, True],
...     }
... )
>>> df.n_unique()
5

Simple columns subset.

>>> df.n_unique(subset=["b", "c"])
4

Expression subset.

>>> df.n_unique(
...     subset=[
...         (pl.col("a") // 2),
...         (pl.col("c") | (pl.col("b") >= 2)),
...     ],
... )
3

null_count() → DataFrame[source]

Create a new DataFrame that shows the null counts per column.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, None, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, None],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.null_count()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ u32 ┆ u32 ┆ u32 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 1   ┆ 0   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

partition_by( by: ColumnNameOrSelector | Sequence[ColumnNameOrSelector], *more_by: ColumnNameOrSelector, maintain_order: bool = True, include_key: bool = True, as_dict: bool = False, ) → list[DataFrame] | dict[tuple[object, ...], DataFrame][source]

Group by the given columns and return the groups as separate dataframes.

Parameters:

by: Column name(s) or selector(s) to group by.
*more_by: Additional names of columns to group by, specified as positional arguments.
maintain_order: Ensure that the order of the groups is consistent with the input data. This is slower than a default partition by operation.
include_key: Include the columns used to partition the DataFrame in the output.
as_dict: Return a dictionary instead of a list. The dictionary keys are tuples of the distinct group values that identify each group.

Examples

Pass a single column name to partition by that column.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": ["a", "b", "a", "b", "c"],
...         "b": [1, 2, 1, 3, 3],
...         "c": [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
...     }
... )
>>> df.partition_by("a")  
[shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 5   │
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 3   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘,
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 2   ┆ 4   │
│ b   ┆ 3   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘,
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ c   ┆ 3   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘]

Partition by multiple columns by either passing a list of column names, or by specifying each column name as a positional argument.

>>> df.partition_by("a", "b")  
[shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 5   │
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 3   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘,
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 2   ┆ 4   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘,
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 3   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘,
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ c   ┆ 3   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘]

Return the partitions as a dictionary by specifying as_dict=True.

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.partition_by(cs.string(), as_dict=True)  
{('a',): shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 5   │
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 3   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘,
('b',): shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 2   ┆ 4   │
│ b   ┆ 3   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘,
('c',): shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ c   ┆ 3   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘}

pipe(

function: Callable[Concatenate[DataFrame, P], T],

*args: P.args,

**kwargs: P.kwargs,

) → T[source]

Offers a structured way to apply a sequence of user-defined functions (UDFs).

Parameters:

function: Callable; will receive the frame as the first parameter, followed by any given args/kwargs.
*args: Arguments to pass to the UDF.
**kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to the UDF.

Notes

It is recommended to use LazyFrame when piping operations, in order to fully take advantage of query optimization and parallelization. See df.lazy().

Examples

>>> def cast_str_to_int(data, col_name):
...     return data.with_columns(pl.col(col_name).cast(pl.Int64))
>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3, 4], "b": ["10", "20", "30", "40"]})
>>> df.pipe(cast_str_to_int, col_name="b")
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 10  │
│ 2   ┆ 20  │
│ 3   ┆ 30  │
│ 4   ┆ 40  │
└─────┴─────┘

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"b": [1, 2], "a": [3, 4]})
>>> df
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ b   ┆ a   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 3   │
│ 2   ┆ 4   │
└─────┴─────┘
>>> df.pipe(lambda tdf: tdf.select(sorted(tdf.columns)))
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 3   ┆ 1   │
│ 4   ┆ 2   │
└─────┴─────┘

pivot( on: ColumnNameOrSelector | Sequence[ColumnNameOrSelector], *, index: ColumnNameOrSelector | Sequence[ColumnNameOrSelector] | None = None, values: ColumnNameOrSelector | Sequence[ColumnNameOrSelector] | None = None, aggregate_function: PivotAgg | Expr | None = None, maintain_order: bool = True, sort_columns: bool = False, separator: str = '_', ) → DataFrame[source]

Create a spreadsheet-style pivot table as a DataFrame.

Only available in eager mode. See “Examples” section below for how to do a “lazy pivot” if you know the unique column values in advance.

Parameters:

on

The column(s) whose values will be used as the new columns of the output DataFrame.

index

The column(s) that remain from the input to the output. The output DataFrame will have one row for each unique combination of the index’s values. If None, all remaining columns not specified on on and values will be used. At least one of index and values must be specified.

values

The existing column(s) of values which will be moved under the new columns from index. If an aggregation is specified, these are the values on which the aggregation will be computed. If None, all remaining columns not specified on on and index will be used. At least one of index and values must be specified.

aggregate_function

Choose from:

None: no aggregation takes place, will raise error if multiple values are in group.
A predefined aggregate function string, one of {‘min’, ‘max’, ‘first’, ‘last’, ‘sum’, ‘mean’, ‘median’, ‘len’}
An expression to do the aggregation.

maintain_order

Sort the grouped keys so that the output order is predictable.

sort_columns

Sort the transposed columns by name. Default is by order of discovery.

separator

Used as separator/delimiter in generated column names in case of multiple values columns.

Returns:

DataFrame

Notes

In some other frameworks, you might know this operation as pivot_wider.

Examples

You can use pivot to reshape a dataframe from “long” to “wide” format.

For example, suppose we have a dataframe of test scores achieved by some students, where each row represents a distinct test.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "name": ["Cady", "Cady", "Karen", "Karen"],
...         "subject": ["maths", "physics", "maths", "physics"],
...         "test_1": [98, 99, 61, 58],
...         "test_2": [100, 100, 60, 60],
...     }
... )
>>> df
shape: (4, 4)
┌───────┬─────────┬────────┬────────┐
│ name  ┆ subject ┆ test_1 ┆ test_2 │
│ ---   ┆ ---     ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
│ str   ┆ str     ┆ i64    ┆ i64    │
╞═══════╪═════════╪════════╪════════╡
│ Cady  ┆ maths   ┆ 98     ┆ 100    │
│ Cady  ┆ physics ┆ 99     ┆ 100    │
│ Karen ┆ maths   ┆ 61     ┆ 60     │
│ Karen ┆ physics ┆ 58     ┆ 60     │
└───────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┘

Using pivot, we can reshape so we have one row per student, with different subjects as columns, and their test_1 scores as values:

>>> df.pivot("subject", index="name", values="test_1")
shape: (2, 3)
┌───────┬───────┬─────────┐
│ name  ┆ maths ┆ physics │
│ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---     │
│ str   ┆ i64   ┆ i64     │
╞═══════╪═══════╪═════════╡
│ Cady  ┆ 98    ┆ 99      │
│ Karen ┆ 61    ┆ 58      │
└───────┴───────┴─────────┘

You can use selectors too - here we include all test scores in the pivoted table:

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.pivot("subject", values=cs.starts_with("test"))
shape: (2, 5)
┌───────┬──────────────┬────────────────┬──────────────┬────────────────┐
│ name  ┆ test_1_maths ┆ test_1_physics ┆ test_2_maths ┆ test_2_physics │
│ ---   ┆ ---          ┆ ---            ┆ ---          ┆ ---            │
│ str   ┆ i64          ┆ i64            ┆ i64          ┆ i64            │
╞═══════╪══════════════╪════════════════╪══════════════╪════════════════╡
│ Cady  ┆ 98           ┆ 99             ┆ 100          ┆ 100            │
│ Karen ┆ 61           ┆ 58             ┆ 60           ┆ 60             │
└───────┴──────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────┴────────────────┘

If you end up with multiple values per cell, you can specify how to aggregate them with aggregate_function:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "ix": [1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2],
...         "col": ["a", "a", "a", "a", "b", "b"],
...         "foo": [0, 1, 2, 2, 7, 1],
...         "bar": [0, 2, 0, 0, 9, 4],
...     }
... )
>>> df.pivot("col", index="ix", aggregate_function="sum")
shape: (2, 5)
┌─────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐
│ ix  ┆ foo_a ┆ foo_b ┆ bar_a ┆ bar_b │
│ --- ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ i64   ┆ i64   ┆ i64   ┆ i64   │
╞═════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 1     ┆ 7     ┆ 2     ┆ 9     │
│ 2   ┆ 4     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 4     │
└─────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘

You can also pass a custom aggregation function using polars.element():

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "col1": ["a", "a", "a", "b", "b", "b"],
...         "col2": ["x", "x", "x", "x", "y", "y"],
...         "col3": [6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 7],
...     }
... )
>>> df.pivot(
...     "col2",
...     index="col1",
...     values="col3",
...     aggregate_function=pl.element().tanh().mean(),
... )
shape: (2, 3)
┌──────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ col1 ┆ x        ┆ y        │
│ ---  ┆ ---      ┆ ---      │
│ str  ┆ f64      ┆ f64      │
╞══════╪══════════╪══════════╡
│ a    ┆ 0.998347 ┆ null     │
│ b    ┆ 0.964028 ┆ 0.999954 │
└──────┴──────────┴──────────┘

Note that pivot is only available in eager mode. If you know the unique column values in advance, you can use polars.LazyFrame.group_by() to get the same result as above in lazy mode:

>>> index = pl.col("col1")
>>> on = pl.col("col2")
>>> values = pl.col("col3")
>>> unique_column_values = ["x", "y"]
>>> aggregate_function = lambda col: col.tanh().mean()
>>> df.lazy().group_by(index).agg(
...     aggregate_function(values.filter(on == value)).alias(value)
...     for value in unique_column_values
... ).collect()  
shape: (2, 3)
┌──────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ col1 ┆ x        ┆ y        │
│ ---  ┆ ---      ┆ ---      │
│ str  ┆ f64      ┆ f64      │
╞══════╪══════════╪══════════╡
│ a    ┆ 0.998347 ┆ null     │
│ b    ┆ 0.964028 ┆ 0.999954 │
└──────┴──────────┴──────────┘

property plot: DataFramePlot[source]

Create a plot namespace.

Warning

This functionality is currently considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

Changed in version 1.6.0: In prior versions of Polars, HvPlot was the plotting backend. If you would like to restore the previous plotting functionality, all you need to do is add import hvplot.polars at the top of your script and replace df.plot with df.hvplot.

Polars does not implement plotting logic itself, but instead defers to Altair:

df.plot.line(**kwargs) is shorthand for alt.Chart(df).mark_line(tooltip=True).encode(**kwargs).interactive()
df.plot.point(**kwargs) is shorthand for alt.Chart(df).mark_point(tooltip=True).encode(**kwargs).interactive() (and plot.scatter is provided as an alias)
df.plot.bar(**kwargs) is shorthand for alt.Chart(df).mark_bar(tooltip=True).encode(**kwargs).interactive()
for any other attribute attr, df.plot.attr(**kwargs) is shorthand for alt.Chart(df).mark_attr(tooltip=True).encode(**kwargs).interactive()

For configuration, we suggest reading Chart Configuration. For example, you can:

Change the width/height/title with .properties(width=500, height=350, title="My amazing plot").
Change the x-axis label rotation with .configure_axisX(labelAngle=30).
Change the opacity of the points in your scatter plot with .configure_point(opacity=.5).

Examples

Scatter plot:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "length": [1, 4, 6],
...         "width": [4, 5, 6],
...         "species": ["setosa", "setosa", "versicolor"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.plot.point(x="length", y="width", color="species")  

Set the x-axis title by using altair.X:

>>> import altair as alt
>>> df.plot.point(
...     x=alt.X("length", title="Length"), y="width", color="species"
... )  

Line plot:

>>> from datetime import date
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "date": [date(2020, 1, 2), date(2020, 1, 3), date(2020, 1, 4)] * 2,
...         "price": [1, 4, 6, 1, 5, 2],
...         "stock": ["a", "a", "a", "b", "b", "b"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.plot.line(x="date", y="price", color="stock")  

Bar plot:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "day": ["Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"] * 2,
...         "group": ["a"] * 7 + ["b"] * 7,
...         "value": [1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 1, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 1, 2],
...     }
... )
>>> df.plot.bar(
...     x="day", y="value", color="day", column="group"
... )  

Or, to make a stacked version of the plot above:

>>> df.plot.bar(x="day", y="value", color="group")  

product() → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their product values.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, 10],
...         "c": [True, True, False],
...     }
... )

>>> df.product()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬──────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪══════╪═════╡
│ 6   ┆ 20.0 ┆ 0   │
└─────┴──────┴─────┘

quantile( quantile: float, interpolation: RollingInterpolationMethod = 'nearest', ) → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their quantile value.

Parameters:

quantile: Quantile between 0.0 and 1.0.
interpolation{‘nearest’, ‘higher’, ‘lower’, ‘midpoint’, ‘linear’}: Interpolation method.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.quantile(0.5, "nearest")
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
│ 2.0 ┆ 7.0 ┆ null │
└─────┴─────┴──────┘

rechunk() → DataFrame[source]

Rechunk the data in this DataFrame to a contiguous allocation.

This will make sure all subsequent operations have optimal and predictable performance.

rename( mapping: dict[str, str] | Callable[[str], str], *, strict: bool = True, ) → DataFrame[source]

Rename column names.

Parameters:

mapping: Key value pairs that map from old name to new name, or a function that takes the old name as input and returns the new name.
strict: Validate that all column names exist in the current schema, and throw an exception if any do not. (Note that this parameter is a no-op when passing a function to mapping).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [6, 7, 8], "ham": ["a", "b", "c"]}
... )
>>> df.rename({"foo": "apple"})
shape: (3, 3)
┌───────┬─────┬─────┐
│ apple ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ ---   ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64   ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1     ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 2     ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
│ 3     ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└───────┴─────┴─────┘
>>> df.rename(lambda column_name: "c" + column_name[1:])
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ coo ┆ car ┆ cam │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

replace_column(index: int, column: Series) → DataFrame[source]

Replace a column at an index location.

This operation is in place.

Parameters:

index: Column index.
column: Series that will replace the column.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> s = pl.Series("apple", [10, 20, 30])
>>> df.replace_column(0, s)
shape: (3, 3)
┌───────┬─────┬─────┐
│ apple ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ ---   ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64   ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 10    ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 20    ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
│ 30    ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
└───────┴─────┴─────┘

reverse() → DataFrame[source]

Reverse the DataFrame.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "key": ["a", "b", "c"],
...         "val": [1, 2, 3],
...     }
... )
>>> df.reverse()
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ key ┆ val │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ c   ┆ 3   │
│ b   ┆ 2   │
│ a   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┘

Create rolling groups based on a temporal or integer column.

Different from a group_by_dynamic the windows are now determined by the individual values and are not of constant intervals. For constant intervals use DataFrame.group_by_dynamic().

If you have a time series <t_0, t_1, ..., t_n>, then by default the windows created will be

(t_0 - period, t_0]

(t_1 - period, t_1]

…

(t_n - period, t_n]

whereas if you pass a non-default offset, then the windows will be

(t_0 + offset, t_0 + offset + period]

(t_1 + offset, t_1 + offset + period]

…

(t_n + offset, t_n + offset + period]

The period and offset arguments are created either from a timedelta, or by using the following string language:

1ns (1 nanosecond)
1us (1 microsecond)
1ms (1 millisecond)
1s (1 second)
1m (1 minute)
1h (1 hour)
1d (1 calendar day)
1w (1 calendar week)
1mo (1 calendar month)
1q (1 calendar quarter)
1y (1 calendar year)
1i (1 index count)

Or combine them: “3d12h4m25s” # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds

By “calendar day”, we mean the corresponding time on the next day (which may not be 24 hours, due to daylight savings). Similarly for “calendar week”, “calendar month”, “calendar quarter”, and “calendar year”.

Parameters:

index_column

Column used to group based on the time window. Often of type Date/Datetime. This column must be sorted in ascending order (or, if group_by is specified, then it must be sorted in ascending order within each group).

In case of a rolling operation on indices, dtype needs to be one of {UInt32, UInt64, Int32, Int64}. Note that the first three get temporarily cast to Int64, so if performance matters use an Int64 column.

period

Length of the window - must be non-negative.

offset

Offset of the window. Default is -period.

closed{‘right’, ‘left’, ‘both’, ‘none’}

Define which sides of the temporal interval are closed (inclusive).

group_by

Also group by this column/these columns

Returns:

RollingGroupBy: Object you can call .agg on to aggregate by groups, the result of which will be sorted by index_column (but note that if group_by columns are passed, it will only be sorted within each group).

See also

group_by_dynamic

Examples

>>> dates = [
...     "2020-01-01 13:45:48",
...     "2020-01-01 16:42:13",
...     "2020-01-01 16:45:09",
...     "2020-01-02 18:12:48",
...     "2020-01-03 19:45:32",
...     "2020-01-08 23:16:43",
... ]
>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"dt": dates, "a": [3, 7, 5, 9, 2, 1]}).with_columns(
...     pl.col("dt").str.strptime(pl.Datetime).set_sorted()
... )
>>> out = df.rolling(index_column="dt", period="2d").agg(
...     [
...         pl.sum("a").alias("sum_a"),
...         pl.min("a").alias("min_a"),
...         pl.max("a").alias("max_a"),
...     ]
... )
>>> assert out["sum_a"].to_list() == [3, 10, 15, 24, 11, 1]
>>> assert out["max_a"].to_list() == [3, 7, 7, 9, 9, 1]
>>> assert out["min_a"].to_list() == [3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1]
>>> out
shape: (6, 4)
┌─────────────────────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐
│ dt                  ┆ sum_a ┆ min_a ┆ max_a │
│ ---                 ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ i64   ┆ i64   ┆ i64   │
╞═════════════════════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╡
│ 2020-01-01 13:45:48 ┆ 3     ┆ 3     ┆ 3     │
│ 2020-01-01 16:42:13 ┆ 10    ┆ 3     ┆ 7     │
│ 2020-01-01 16:45:09 ┆ 15    ┆ 3     ┆ 7     │
│ 2020-01-02 18:12:48 ┆ 24    ┆ 3     ┆ 9     │
│ 2020-01-03 19:45:32 ┆ 11    ┆ 2     ┆ 9     │
│ 2020-01-08 23:16:43 ┆ 1     ┆ 1     ┆ 1     │
└─────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘

If you use an index count in period or offset, then it’s based on the values in index_column:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"int": [0, 4, 5, 6, 8], "value": [1, 4, 2, 4, 1]})
>>> df.rolling("int", period="3i").agg(pl.col("int").alias("aggregated"))
shape: (5, 2)
┌─────┬────────────┐
│ int ┆ aggregated │
│ --- ┆ ---        │
│ i64 ┆ list[i64]  │
╞═════╪════════════╡
│ 0   ┆ [0]        │
│ 4   ┆ [4]        │
│ 5   ┆ [4, 5]     │
│ 6   ┆ [4, 5, 6]  │
│ 8   ┆ [6, 8]     │
└─────┴────────────┘

If you want the index count to be based on row number, then you may want to combine rolling with with_row_index().

row( index: int | None = None, *, by_predicate: Expr | None = None, named: bool = False, ) → tuple[Any, ...] | dict[str, Any][source]

Get the values of a single row, either by index or by predicate.

Parameters:

index: Row index.
by_predicate: Select the row according to a given expression/predicate.
named: Return a dictionary instead of a tuple. The dictionary is a mapping of column name to row value. This is more expensive than returning a regular tuple, but allows for accessing values by column name.

Returns:

tuple (default) or dictionary of row values

Warning

You should NEVER use this method to iterate over a DataFrame; if you require row-iteration you should strongly prefer use of iter_rows() instead.

See also

iter_rows: Row iterator over frame data (does not materialise all rows).
rows: Materialise all frame data as a list of rows (potentially expensive).
item: Return dataframe element as a scalar.

Notes

The index and by_predicate params are mutually exclusive. Additionally, to ensure clarity, the by_predicate parameter must be supplied by keyword.

When using by_predicate it is an error condition if anything other than one row is returned; more than one row raises TooManyRowsReturnedError, and zero rows will raise NoRowsReturnedError (both inherit from RowsError).

Examples

Specify an index to return the row at the given index as a tuple.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.row(2)
(3, 8, 'c')

Specify named=True to get a dictionary instead with a mapping of column names to row values.

>>> df.row(2, named=True)
{'foo': 3, 'bar': 8, 'ham': 'c'}

Use by_predicate to return the row that matches the given predicate.

>>> df.row(by_predicate=(pl.col("ham") == "b"))
(2, 7, 'b')

rows( *, named: bool = False, ) → list[tuple[Any, ...]] | list[dict[str, Any]][source]

Returns all data in the DataFrame as a list of rows of python-native values.

By default, each row is returned as a tuple of values given in the same order as the frame columns. Setting named=True will return rows of dictionaries instead.

Parameters:

named: Return dictionaries instead of tuples. The dictionaries are a mapping of column name to row value. This is more expensive than returning a regular tuple, but allows for accessing values by column name.

Returns:

list of row value tuples (default), or list of dictionaries (if named=True).

Warning

Row-iteration is not optimal as the underlying data is stored in columnar form; where possible, prefer export via one of the dedicated export/output methods. You should also consider using iter_rows instead, to avoid materialising all the data at once; there is little performance difference between the two, but peak memory can be reduced if processing rows in batches.

See also

iter_rows: Row iterator over frame data (does not materialise all rows).
rows_by_key: Materialises frame data as a key-indexed dictionary.

Notes

If you have ns-precision temporal values you should be aware that Python natively only supports up to μs-precision; ns-precision values will be truncated to microseconds on conversion to Python. If this matters to your use-case you should export to a different format (such as Arrow or NumPy).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "x": ["a", "b", "b", "a"],
...         "y": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "z": [0, 3, 6, 9],
...     }
... )
>>> df.rows()
[('a', 1, 0), ('b', 2, 3), ('b', 3, 6), ('a', 4, 9)]
>>> df.rows(named=True)
[{'x': 'a', 'y': 1, 'z': 0},
 {'x': 'b', 'y': 2, 'z': 3},
 {'x': 'b', 'y': 3, 'z': 6},
 {'x': 'a', 'y': 4, 'z': 9}]

rows_by_key( key: ColumnNameOrSelector | Sequence[ColumnNameOrSelector], *, named: bool = False, include_key: bool = False, unique: bool = False, ) → dict[Any, Any][source]

Returns all data as a dictionary of python-native values keyed by some column.

This method is like rows, but instead of returning rows in a flat list, rows are grouped by the values in the key column(s) and returned as a dictionary.

Note that this method should not be used in place of native operations, due to the high cost of materializing all frame data out into a dictionary; it should be used only when you need to move the values out into a Python data structure or other object that cannot operate directly with Polars/Arrow.

Parameters:

key: The column(s) to use as the key for the returned dictionary. If multiple columns are specified, the key will be a tuple of those values, otherwise it will be a string.
named: Return dictionary rows instead of tuples, mapping column name to row value.
include_key: Include key values inline with the associated data (by default the key values are omitted as a memory/performance optimisation, as they can be reoconstructed from the key).
unique: Indicate that the key is unique; this will result in a 1:1 mapping from key to a single associated row. Note that if the key is not actually unique the last row with the given key will be returned.

See also

rows: Materialize all frame data as a list of rows (potentially expensive).
iter_rows: Row iterator over frame data (does not materialize all rows).
to_dict: Convert DataFrame to a dictionary mapping column name to values.

Notes

If you have ns-precision temporal values you should be aware that Python natively only supports up to μs-precision; ns-precision values will be truncated to microseconds on conversion to Python. If this matters to your use-case you should export to a different format (such as Arrow or NumPy).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "w": ["a", "b", "b", "a"],
...         "x": ["q", "q", "q", "k"],
...         "y": [1.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.5],
...         "z": [9, 8, 7, 6],
...     }
... )

Group rows by the given key column(s):

>>> df.rows_by_key(key=["w"])
defaultdict(<class 'list'>,
    {'a': [('q', 1.0, 9), ('k', 4.5, 6)],
     'b': [('q', 2.5, 8), ('q', 3.0, 7)]})

Return the same row groupings as dictionaries:

>>> df.rows_by_key(key=["w"], named=True)
defaultdict(<class 'list'>,
    {'a': [{'x': 'q', 'y': 1.0, 'z': 9},
           {'x': 'k', 'y': 4.5, 'z': 6}],
     'b': [{'x': 'q', 'y': 2.5, 'z': 8},
           {'x': 'q', 'y': 3.0, 'z': 7}]})

Return row groupings, assuming keys are unique:

>>> df.rows_by_key(key=["z"], unique=True)
{9: ('a', 'q', 1.0),
 8: ('b', 'q', 2.5),
 7: ('b', 'q', 3.0),
 6: ('a', 'k', 4.5)}

Return row groupings as dictionaries, assuming keys are unique:

>>> df.rows_by_key(key=["z"], named=True, unique=True)
{9: {'w': 'a', 'x': 'q', 'y': 1.0},
 8: {'w': 'b', 'x': 'q', 'y': 2.5},
 7: {'w': 'b', 'x': 'q', 'y': 3.0},
 6: {'w': 'a', 'x': 'k', 'y': 4.5}}

Return dictionary rows grouped by a compound key, including key values:

>>> df.rows_by_key(key=["w", "x"], named=True, include_key=True)
defaultdict(<class 'list'>,
    {('a', 'q'): [{'w': 'a', 'x': 'q', 'y': 1.0, 'z': 9}],
     ('b', 'q'): [{'w': 'b', 'x': 'q', 'y': 2.5, 'z': 8},
                  {'w': 'b', 'x': 'q', 'y': 3.0, 'z': 7}],
     ('a', 'k'): [{'w': 'a', 'x': 'k', 'y': 4.5, 'z': 6}]})

Sample from this DataFrame.

Parameters:

n: Number of items to return. Cannot be used with fraction. Defaults to 1 if fraction is None.
fraction: Fraction of items to return. Cannot be used with n.
with_replacement: Allow values to be sampled more than once.
shuffle: If set to True, the order of the sampled rows will be shuffled. If set to False (default), the order of the returned rows will be neither stable nor fully random.
seed: Seed for the random number generator. If set to None (default), a random seed is generated for each sample operation.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.sample(n=2, seed=0)  
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

property schema: Schema[source]

Get an ordered mapping of column names to their data type.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.schema
Schema({'foo': Int64, 'bar': Float64, 'ham': String})

select(

*exprs: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr],

**named_exprs: IntoExpr,

) → DataFrame[source]

Select columns from this DataFrame.

Parameters:

*exprs: Column(s) to select, specified as positional arguments. Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
**named_exprs: Additional columns to select, specified as keyword arguments. The columns will be renamed to the keyword used.

Examples

Pass the name of a column to select that column.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.select("foo")
shape: (3, 1)
┌─────┐
│ foo │
│ --- │
│ i64 │
╞═════╡
│ 1   │
│ 2   │
│ 3   │
└─────┘

Multiple columns can be selected by passing a list of column names.

>>> df.select(["foo", "bar"])
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   │
└─────┴─────┘

Multiple columns can also be selected using positional arguments instead of a list. Expressions are also accepted.

>>> df.select(pl.col("foo"), pl.col("bar") + 1)
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 7   │
│ 2   ┆ 8   │
│ 3   ┆ 9   │
└─────┴─────┘

Use keyword arguments to easily name your expression inputs.

>>> df.select(threshold=pl.when(pl.col("foo") > 2).then(10).otherwise(0))
shape: (3, 1)
┌───────────┐
│ threshold │
│ ---       │
│ i32       │
╞═══════════╡
│ 0         │
│ 0         │
│ 10        │
└───────────┘

Expressions with multiple outputs can be automatically instantiated as Structs by enabling the setting Config.set_auto_structify(True):

>>> with pl.Config(auto_structify=True):
...     df.select(
...         is_odd=(pl.col(pl.Int64) % 2 == 1).name.suffix("_is_odd"),
...     )
shape: (3, 1)
┌──────────────┐
│ is_odd       │
│ ---          │
│ struct[2]    │
╞══════════════╡
│ {true,false} │
│ {false,true} │
│ {true,false} │
└──────────────┘

select_seq(

*exprs: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr],

**named_exprs: IntoExpr,

) → DataFrame[source]

Select columns from this DataFrame.

This will run all expression sequentially instead of in parallel. Use this when the work per expression is cheap.

Parameters:

*exprs: Column(s) to select, specified as positional arguments. Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
**named_exprs: Additional columns to select, specified as keyword arguments. The columns will be renamed to the keyword used.

See also

select

Serialize this DataFrame to a file or string in JSON format.

Parameters:

file

File path or writable file-like object to which the result will be written. If set to None (default), the output is returned as a string instead.

format

The format in which to serialize. Options:

"binary": Serialize to binary format (bytes). This is the default.
"json": Serialize to JSON format (string).

Notes

Serialization is not stable across Polars versions: a LazyFrame serialized in one Polars version may not be deserializable in another Polars version.

Examples

Serialize the DataFrame into a binary representation.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...     }
... )
>>> bytes = df.serialize()
>>> bytes  
b'\xa1gcolumns\x82\xa4dnamecfoohdatatypeeInt64lbit_settings\x00fvalues\x83...'

The bytes can later be deserialized back into a DataFrame.

>>> import io
>>> pl.DataFrame.deserialize(io.BytesIO(bytes))
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   │
└─────┴─────┘

set_sorted( column: str, *, descending: bool = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Indicate that one or multiple columns are sorted.

This can speed up future operations.

Parameters:

column: Column that are sorted
descending: Whether the columns are sorted in descending order.

Warning

This can lead to incorrect results if the data is NOT sorted!! Use with care!

property shape: tuple[int, int][source]

Get the shape of the DataFrame.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]})
>>> df.shape
(5, 1)

shift(n: int = 1, *, fill_value: IntoExpr | None = None) → DataFrame[source]

Shift values by the given number of indices.

Parameters:

n: Number of indices to shift forward. If a negative value is passed, values are shifted in the opposite direction instead.
fill_value: Fill the resulting null values with this value. Accepts expression input. Non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.

Notes

This method is similar to the LAG operation in SQL when the value for n is positive. With a negative value for n, it is similar to LEAD.

Examples

By default, values are shifted forward by one index.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [5, 6, 7, 8],
...     }
... )
>>> df.shift()
shape: (4, 2)
┌──────┬──────┐
│ a    ┆ b    │
│ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ i64  ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪══════╡
│ null ┆ null │
│ 1    ┆ 5    │
│ 2    ┆ 6    │
│ 3    ┆ 7    │
└──────┴──────┘

Pass a negative value to shift in the opposite direction instead.

>>> df.shift(-2)
shape: (4, 2)
┌──────┬──────┐
│ a    ┆ b    │
│ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ i64  ┆ i64  │
╞══════╪══════╡
│ 3    ┆ 7    │
│ 4    ┆ 8    │
│ null ┆ null │
│ null ┆ null │
└──────┴──────┘

Specify fill_value to fill the resulting null values.

>>> df.shift(-2, fill_value=100)
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 3   ┆ 7   │
│ 4   ┆ 8   │
│ 100 ┆ 100 │
│ 100 ┆ 100 │
└─────┴─────┘

shrink_to_fit(*, in_place: bool = False) → DataFrame[source]

Shrink DataFrame memory usage.

Shrinks to fit the exact capacity needed to hold the data.

slice( offset: int, length: int | None = None, ) → DataFrame[source]

Get a slice of this DataFrame.

Parameters:

offset: Start index. Negative indexing is supported.
length: Length of the slice. If set to None, all rows starting at the offset will be selected.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.slice(1, 2)
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

sort( by: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr], *more_by: IntoExpr, descending: bool | Sequence[bool] = False, nulls_last: bool | Sequence[bool] = False, multithreaded: bool = True, maintain_order: bool = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Sort the dataframe by the given columns.

Parameters:

by: Column(s) to sort by. Accepts expression input, including selectors. Strings are parsed as column names.
*more_by: Additional columns to sort by, specified as positional arguments.
descending: Sort in descending order. When sorting by multiple columns, can be specified per column by passing a sequence of booleans.
nulls_last: Place null values last; can specify a single boolean applying to all columns or a sequence of booleans for per-column control.
multithreaded: Sort using multiple threads.
maintain_order: Whether the order should be maintained if elements are equal.

Examples

Pass a single column name to sort by that column.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, None],
...         "b": [6.0, 5.0, 4.0],
...         "c": ["a", "c", "b"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.sort("a")
shape: (3, 3)
┌──────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a    ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ ---  ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64  ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ null ┆ 4.0 ┆ b   │
│ 1    ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
│ 2    ┆ 5.0 ┆ c   │
└──────┴─────┴─────┘

Sorting by expressions is also supported.

>>> df.sort(pl.col("a") + pl.col("b") * 2, nulls_last=True)
shape: (3, 3)
┌──────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a    ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ ---  ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64  ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 2    ┆ 5.0 ┆ c   │
│ 1    ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
│ null ┆ 4.0 ┆ b   │
└──────┴─────┴─────┘

Sort by multiple columns by passing a list of columns.

>>> df.sort(["c", "a"], descending=True)
shape: (3, 3)
┌──────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a    ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ ---  ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64  ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 2    ┆ 5.0 ┆ c   │
│ null ┆ 4.0 ┆ b   │
│ 1    ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
└──────┴─────┴─────┘

Or use positional arguments to sort by multiple columns in the same way.

>>> df.sort("c", "a", descending=[False, True])
shape: (3, 3)
┌──────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a    ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ ---  ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64  ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1    ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
│ null ┆ 4.0 ┆ b   │
│ 2    ┆ 5.0 ┆ c   │
└──────┴─────┴─────┘

sql( query: str, *, table_name: str = 'self', ) → DataFrame[source]

Execute a SQL query against the DataFrame.

Added in version 0.20.24.

Warning

This functionality is considered unstable, although it is close to being considered stable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

Parameters:

query: SQL query to execute.
table_name: Optionally provide an explicit name for the table that represents the calling frame (defaults to “self”).

See also

SQLContext

Notes

The calling frame is automatically registered as a table in the SQL context under the name “self”. If you want access to the DataFrames and LazyFrames found in the current globals, use the top-level pl.sql.
More control over registration and execution behaviour is available by using the SQLContext object.
The SQL query executes in lazy mode before being collected and returned as a DataFrame.

Examples

>>> from datetime import date
>>> df1 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3],
...         "b": ["zz", "yy", "xx"],
...         "c": [date(1999, 12, 31), date(2010, 10, 10), date(2077, 8, 8)],
...     }
... )

Query the DataFrame using SQL:

>>> df1.sql("SELECT c, b FROM self WHERE a > 1")
shape: (2, 2)
┌────────────┬─────┐
│ c          ┆ b   │
│ ---        ┆ --- │
│ date       ┆ str │
╞════════════╪═════╡
│ 2010-10-10 ┆ yy  │
│ 2077-08-08 ┆ xx  │
└────────────┴─────┘

Apply transformations to a DataFrame using SQL, aliasing “self” to “frame”.

>>> df1.sql(
...     query='''
...         SELECT
...             a,
...             (a % 2 == 0) AS a_is_even,
...             CONCAT_WS(':', b, b) AS b_b,
...             EXTRACT(year FROM c) AS year,
...             0::float4 AS "zero",
...         FROM frame
...     ''',
...     table_name="frame",
... )
shape: (3, 5)
┌─────┬───────────┬───────┬──────┬──────┐
│ a   ┆ a_is_even ┆ b_b   ┆ year ┆ zero │
│ --- ┆ ---       ┆ ---   ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ bool      ┆ str   ┆ i32  ┆ f32  │
╞═════╪═══════════╪═══════╪══════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ false     ┆ zz:zz ┆ 1999 ┆ 0.0  │
│ 2   ┆ true      ┆ yy:yy ┆ 2010 ┆ 0.0  │
│ 3   ┆ false     ┆ xx:xx ┆ 2077 ┆ 0.0  │
└─────┴───────────┴───────┴──────┴──────┘

std(ddof: int = 1) → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their standard deviation value.

Parameters:

ddof: “Delta Degrees of Freedom”: the divisor used in the calculation is N - ddof, where N represents the number of elements. By default ddof is 1.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.std()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
│ 1.0 ┆ 1.0 ┆ null │
└─────┴─────┴──────┘
>>> df.std(ddof=0)
shape: (1, 3)
┌──────────┬──────────┬──────┐
│ foo      ┆ bar      ┆ ham  │
│ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---  │
│ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ str  │
╞══════════╪══════════╪══════╡
│ 0.816497 ┆ 0.816497 ┆ null │
└──────────┴──────────┴──────┘

property style: GT[source]

Create a Great Table for styling.

Warning

This functionality is currently considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

Polars does not implement styling logic itself, but instead defers to the Great Tables package. Please see the Great Tables reference for more information and documentation.

Examples

Import some styling helpers, and create example data:

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> from great_tables import loc, style
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "site_id": [0, 1, 2],
...         "measure_a": [5, 4, 6],
...         "measure_b": [7, 3, 3],
...     }
... )

Emphasize the site_id as row names:

>>> df.style.tab_stub(rowname_col="site_id")  

Fill the background for the highest measure_a value row:

>>> df.style.tab_style(
...     style.fill("yellow"),
...     loc.body(rows=pl.col("measure_a") == pl.col("measure_a").max()),
... )  

Put a spanner (high-level label) over measure columns:

>>> df.style.tab_spanner(
...     "Measures", cs.starts_with("measure")
... )  

Format measure_b values to two decimal places:

>>> df.style.fmt_number("measure_b", decimals=2)  

sum() → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their sum value.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.sum()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str  │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
│ 6   ┆ 21  ┆ null │
└─────┴─────┴──────┘

sum_horizontal(*, ignore_nulls: bool = True) → Series[source]

Sum all values horizontally across columns.

Parameters:

ignore_nulls: Ignore null values (default). If set to False, any null value in the input will lead to a null output.

Returns:

Series: A Series named "sum".

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0],
...     }
... )
>>> df.sum_horizontal()
shape: (3,)
Series: 'sum' [f64]
[
        5.0
        7.0
        9.0
]

tail(n: int = 5) → DataFrame[source]

Get the last n rows.

Parameters:

n: Number of rows to return. If a negative value is passed, return all rows except the first abs(n).

See also

head, slice

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.tail(3)
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
│ 4   ┆ 9   ┆ d   │
│ 5   ┆ 10  ┆ e   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Pass a negative value to get all rows except the first abs(n).

>>> df.tail(-3)
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 4   ┆ 9   ┆ d   │
│ 5   ┆ 10  ┆ e   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

to_arrow( *, compat_level: CompatLevel | None = None, ) → Table[source]

Collect the underlying arrow arrays in an Arrow Table.

This operation is mostly zero copy.

Data types that do copy:

CategoricalType

Parameters:

compat_level: Use a specific compatibility level when exporting Polars’ internal data structures.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {"foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], "bar": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]}
... )
>>> df.to_arrow()
pyarrow.Table
foo: int64
bar: large_string
----
foo: [[1,2,3,4,5,6]]
bar: [["a","b","c","d","e","f"]]

to_dict(*, as_series: bool = True) → dict[str, Series] | dict[str, list[Any]][source]

Convert DataFrame to a dictionary mapping column name to values.

Parameters:

as_series: True -> Values are Series False -> Values are List[Any]

See also

rows_by_key
to_dicts

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "A": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "fruits": ["banana", "banana", "apple", "apple", "banana"],
...         "B": [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
...         "cars": ["beetle", "audi", "beetle", "beetle", "beetle"],
...         "optional": [28, 300, None, 2, -30],
...     }
... )
>>> df
shape: (5, 5)
┌─────┬────────┬─────┬────────┬──────────┐
│ A   ┆ fruits ┆ B   ┆ cars   ┆ optional │
│ --- ┆ ---    ┆ --- ┆ ---    ┆ ---      │
│ i64 ┆ str    ┆ i64 ┆ str    ┆ i64      │
╞═════╪════════╪═════╪════════╪══════════╡
│ 1   ┆ banana ┆ 5   ┆ beetle ┆ 28       │
│ 2   ┆ banana ┆ 4   ┆ audi   ┆ 300      │
│ 3   ┆ apple  ┆ 3   ┆ beetle ┆ null     │
│ 4   ┆ apple  ┆ 2   ┆ beetle ┆ 2        │
│ 5   ┆ banana ┆ 1   ┆ beetle ┆ -30      │
└─────┴────────┴─────┴────────┴──────────┘
>>> df.to_dict(as_series=False)
{'A': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
'fruits': ['banana', 'banana', 'apple', 'apple', 'banana'],
'B': [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
'cars': ['beetle', 'audi', 'beetle', 'beetle', 'beetle'],
'optional': [28, 300, None, 2, -30]}
>>> df.to_dict(as_series=True)
{'A': shape: (5,)
Series: 'A' [i64]
[
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
], 'fruits': shape: (5,)
Series: 'fruits' [str]
[
    "banana"
    "banana"
    "apple"
    "apple"
    "banana"
], 'B': shape: (5,)
Series: 'B' [i64]
[
    5
    4
    3
    2
    1
], 'cars': shape: (5,)
Series: 'cars' [str]
[
    "beetle"
    "audi"
    "beetle"
    "beetle"
    "beetle"
], 'optional': shape: (5,)
Series: 'optional' [i64]
[
    28
    300
    null
    2
    -30
]}

to_dicts() → list[dict[str, Any]][source]

Convert every row to a dictionary of Python-native values.

Notes

If you have ns-precision temporal values you should be aware that Python natively only supports up to μs-precision; ns-precision values will be truncated to microseconds on conversion to Python. If this matters to your use-case you should export to a different format (such as Arrow or NumPy).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> df.to_dicts()
[{'foo': 1, 'bar': 4}, {'foo': 2, 'bar': 5}, {'foo': 3, 'bar': 6}]

to_dummies( columns: ColumnNameOrSelector | Sequence[ColumnNameOrSelector] | None = None, *, separator: str = '_', drop_first: bool = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Convert categorical variables into dummy/indicator variables.

Parameters:

columns: Column name(s) or selector(s) that should be converted to dummy variables. If set to None (default), convert all columns.
separator: Separator/delimiter used when generating column names.
drop_first: Remove the first category from the variables being encoded.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2],
...         "bar": [3, 4],
...         "ham": ["a", "b"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.to_dummies()
shape: (2, 6)
┌───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐
│ foo_1 ┆ foo_2 ┆ bar_3 ┆ bar_4 ┆ ham_a ┆ ham_b │
│ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
│ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    │
╞═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╡
│ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     │
│ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     │
└───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘

>>> df.to_dummies(drop_first=True)
shape: (2, 3)
┌───────┬───────┬───────┐
│ foo_2 ┆ bar_4 ┆ ham_b │
│ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
│ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    │
╞═══════╪═══════╪═══════╡
│ 0     ┆ 0     ┆ 0     │
│ 1     ┆ 1     ┆ 1     │
└───────┴───────┴───────┘

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.to_dummies(cs.integer(), separator=":")
shape: (2, 5)
┌───────┬───────┬───────┬───────┬─────┐
│ foo:1 ┆ foo:2 ┆ bar:3 ┆ bar:4 ┆ ham │
│ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ --- │
│ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ str │
╞═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╪═════╡
│ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ a   │
│ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ 0     ┆ 1     ┆ b   │
└───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴─────┘

>>> df.to_dummies(cs.integer(), drop_first=True, separator=":")
shape: (2, 3)
┌───────┬───────┬─────┐
│ foo:2 ┆ bar:4 ┆ ham │
│ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ --- │
│ u8    ┆ u8    ┆ str │
╞═══════╪═══════╪═════╡
│ 0     ┆ 0     ┆ a   │
│ 1     ┆ 1     ┆ b   │
└───────┴───────┴─────┘

to_init_repr(n: int = 1000) → str[source]

Convert DataFrame to instantiable string representation.

Parameters:

n: Only use first n rows.

See also

polars.Series.to_init_repr
polars.from_repr

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     [
...         pl.Series("foo", [1, 2, 3], dtype=pl.UInt8),
...         pl.Series("bar", [6.0, 7.0, 8.0], dtype=pl.Float32),
...         pl.Series("ham", ["a", "b", "c"], dtype=pl.String),
...     ]
... )
>>> print(df.to_init_repr())
pl.DataFrame(
    [
        pl.Series('foo', [1, 2, 3], dtype=pl.UInt8),
        pl.Series('bar', [6.0, 7.0, 8.0], dtype=pl.Float32),
        pl.Series('ham', ['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype=pl.String),
    ]
)

>>> df_from_str_repr = eval(df.to_init_repr())
>>> df_from_str_repr
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ u8  ┆ f32 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Convert DataFrame to a Jax Array, or dict of Jax Arrays.

Added in version 0.20.27.

Warning

This functionality is currently considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

Parameters:

return_type{“array”, “dict”}: Set return type; a Jax Array, or dict of Jax Arrays.
device: Specify the jax Device on which the array will be created; can provide a string (such as “cpu”, “gpu”, or “tpu”) in which case the device is retrieved as jax.devices(string)[0]. For more specific control you can supply the instantiated Device directly. If None, arrays are created on the default device.
label: One or more column names, expressions, or selectors that label the feature data; results in a {"label": ..., "features": ...} dict being returned when return_type is “dict” instead of a {"col": array, } dict.
features: One or more column names, expressions, or selectors that contain the feature data; if omitted, all columns that are not designated as part of the label are used. Only applies when return_type is “dict”.
dtype: Unify the dtype of all returned arrays; this casts any column that is not already of the required dtype before converting to Array. Note that export will be single-precision (32bit) unless the Jax config/environment directs otherwise (eg: “jax_enable_x64” was set True in the config object at startup, or “JAX_ENABLE_X64” is set to “1” in the environment).
order{“c”, “fortran”}: The index order of the returned Jax array, either C-like (row-major) or Fortran-like (column-major).

See also

to_dummies
to_numpy
to_torch

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "lbl": [0, 1, 2, 3],
...         "feat1": [1, 0, 0, 1],
...         "feat2": [1.5, -0.5, 0.0, -2.25],
...     }
... )

Standard return type (2D Array), on the standard device:

>>> df.to_jax()
Array([[ 0.  ,  1.  ,  1.5 ],
       [ 1.  ,  0.  , -0.5 ],
       [ 2.  ,  0.  ,  0.  ],
       [ 3.  ,  1.  , -2.25]], dtype=float32)

Create the Array on the default GPU device:

>>> a = df.to_jax(device="gpu")  
>>> a.device()  
GpuDevice(id=0, process_index=0)

Create the Array on a specific GPU device:

>>> gpu_device = jax.devices("gpu")[1]  
>>> a = df.to_jax(device=gpu_device)  
>>> a.device()  
GpuDevice(id=1, process_index=0)

As a dictionary of individual Arrays:

>>> df.to_jax("dict")
{'lbl': Array([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype=int32),
 'feat1': Array([1, 0, 0, 1], dtype=int32),
 'feat2': Array([ 1.5 , -0.5 ,  0.  , -2.25], dtype=float32)}

As a “label” and “features” dictionary; note that as “features” is not declared, it defaults to all the columns that are not in “label”:

>>> df.to_jax("dict", label="lbl")
{'label': Array([[0],
        [1],
        [2],
        [3]], dtype=int32),
 'features': Array([[ 1.  ,  1.5 ],
        [ 0.  , -0.5 ],
        [ 0.  ,  0.  ],
        [ 1.  , -2.25]], dtype=float32)}

As a “label” and “features” dictionary where each is designated using a col or selector expression (which can also be used to cast the data if the label and features are better-represented with different dtypes):

>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.to_jax(
...     return_type="dict",
...     features=cs.float(),
...     label=pl.col("lbl").cast(pl.UInt8),
... )
{'label': Array([[0],
        [1],
        [2],
        [3]], dtype=uint8),
 'features': Array([[ 1.5 ],
        [-0.5 ],
        [ 0.  ],
        [-2.25]], dtype=float32)}

to_numpy( *, order: IndexOrder = 'fortran', writable: bool = False, allow_copy: bool = True, structured: bool = False, use_pyarrow: bool | None = None, ) → np.ndarray[Any, Any][source]

Convert this DataFrame to a NumPy ndarray.

This operation copies data only when necessary. The conversion is zero copy when all of the following hold:

The DataFrame is fully contiguous in memory, with all Series back-to-back and all Series consisting of a single chunk.
The data type is an integer or float.
The DataFrame contains no null values.
The order parameter is set to fortran (default).
The writable parameter is set to False (default).

Parameters:

order

The index order of the returned NumPy array, either C-like or Fortran-like. In general, using the Fortran-like index order is faster. However, the C-like order might be more appropriate to use for downstream applications to prevent cloning data, e.g. when reshaping into a one-dimensional array.

writable

Ensure the resulting array is writable. This will force a copy of the data if the array was created without copy, as the underlying Arrow data is immutable.

allow_copy

Allow memory to be copied to perform the conversion. If set to False, causes conversions that are not zero-copy to fail.

structured

Return a structured array with a data type that corresponds to the DataFrame schema. If set to False (default), a 2D ndarray is returned instead.

use_pyarrow

Use pyarrow.Array.to_numpy

function for the conversion to NumPy if necessary.

Deprecated since version 0.20.28: Polars now uses its native engine by default for conversion to NumPy.

Examples

Numeric data without nulls can be converted without copying data in some cases. The resulting array will not be writable.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3]})
>>> arr = df.to_numpy()
>>> arr
array([[1],
       [2],
       [3]])
>>> arr.flags.writeable
False

Set writable=True to force data copy to make the array writable.

>>> df.to_numpy(writable=True).flags.writeable
True

If the DataFrame contains different numeric data types, the resulting data type will be the supertype. This requires data to be copied. Integer types with nulls are cast to a float type with nan representing a null value.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, None], "b": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]})
>>> df.to_numpy()
array([[ 1.,  4.],
       [ 2.,  5.],
       [nan,  6.]])

Set allow_copy=False to raise an error if data would be copied.

>>> s.to_numpy(allow_copy=False)  
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
RuntimeError: copy not allowed: cannot convert to a NumPy array without copying data

Polars defaults to F-contiguous order. Use order="c" to force the resulting array to be C-contiguous.

>>> df.to_numpy(order="c").flags.c_contiguous
True

DataFrames with mixed types will result in an array with an object dtype.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.5, 7.0, 8.5],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     },
...     schema_overrides={"foo": pl.UInt8, "bar": pl.Float32},
... )
>>> df.to_numpy()
array([[1, 6.5, 'a'],
       [2, 7.0, 'b'],
       [3, 8.5, 'c']], dtype=object)

Set structured=True to convert to a structured array, which can better preserve individual column data such as name and data type.

>>> df.to_numpy(structured=True)
array([(1, 6.5, 'a'), (2, 7. , 'b'), (3, 8.5, 'c')],
      dtype=[('foo', 'u1'), ('bar', '<f4'), ('ham', '<U1')])

to_pandas(

*,

use_pyarrow_extension_array: bool = False,

**kwargs: Any,

) → DataFrame[source]

Convert this DataFrame to a pandas DataFrame.

This operation copies data if use_pyarrow_extension_array is not enabled.

Parameters:

use_pyarrow_extension_array: Use PyArrow-backed extension arrays instead of NumPy arrays for the columns of the pandas DataFrame. This allows zero copy operations and preservation of null values. Subsequent operations on the resulting pandas DataFrame may trigger conversion to NumPy if those operations are not supported by PyArrow compute functions.
**kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to be passed to pyarrow.Table.to_pandas().

Returns:

pandas.DataFrame

Notes

This operation requires that both pandas and pyarrow are installed.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.to_pandas()
   foo  bar ham
0    1  6.0   a
1    2  7.0   b
2    3  8.0   c

Null values in numeric columns are converted to NaN.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, None],
...         "bar": [6.0, None, 8.0],
...         "ham": [None, "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.to_pandas()
   foo  bar   ham
0  1.0  6.0  None
1  2.0  NaN     b
2  NaN  8.0     c

Pass use_pyarrow_extension_array=True to get a pandas DataFrame with columns backed by PyArrow extension arrays. This will preserve null values.

>>> df.to_pandas(use_pyarrow_extension_array=True)
    foo   bar   ham
0     1   6.0  <NA>
1     2  <NA>     b
2  <NA>   8.0     c
>>> _.dtypes
foo           int64[pyarrow]
bar          double[pyarrow]
ham    large_string[pyarrow]
dtype: object

to_series(index: int = 0) → Series[source]

Select column as Series at index location.

Parameters:

index: Location of selection.

See also

get_column

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.to_series(1)
shape: (3,)
Series: 'bar' [i64]
[
        6
        7
        8
]

to_struct(name: str = '') → Series[source]

Convert a DataFrame to a Series of type Struct.

Parameters:

name: Name for the struct Series

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "b": ["one", "two", "three", "four", "five"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.to_struct("nums")
shape: (5,)
Series: 'nums' [struct[2]]
[
    {1,"one"}
    {2,"two"}
    {3,"three"}
    {4,"four"}
    {5,"five"}
]

Convert DataFrame to a PyTorch Tensor, Dataset, or dict of Tensors.

Added in version 0.20.23.

Warning

This functionality is currently considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

Parameters:

return_type{“tensor”, “dataset”, “dict”}: Set return type; a PyTorch Tensor, PolarsDataset (a frame-specialized TensorDataset), or dict of Tensors.
label: One or more column names, expressions, or selectors that label the feature data; when return_type is “dataset”, the PolarsDataset will return (features, label) tensor tuples for each row. Otherwise, it returns (features,) tensor tuples where the feature contains all the row data.
features: One or more column names, expressions, or selectors that contain the feature data; if omitted, all columns that are not designated as part of the label are used.
dtype: Unify the dtype of all returned tensors; this casts any column that is not of the required dtype before converting to Tensor. This includes the label column unless the label is an expression (such as pl.col("label_column").cast(pl.Int16)).

See also

to_dummies
to_jax
to_numpy

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "lbl": [0, 1, 2, 3],
...         "feat1": [1, 0, 0, 1],
...         "feat2": [1.5, -0.5, 0.0, -2.25],
...     }
... )

Standard return type (Tensor), with f32 supertype:

>>> df.to_torch(dtype=pl.Float32)
tensor([[ 0.0000,  1.0000,  1.5000],
        [ 1.0000,  0.0000, -0.5000],
        [ 2.0000,  0.0000,  0.0000],
        [ 3.0000,  1.0000, -2.2500]])

As a dictionary of individual Tensors:

>>> df.to_torch("dict")
{'lbl': tensor([0, 1, 2, 3]),
 'feat1': tensor([1, 0, 0, 1]),
 'feat2': tensor([ 1.5000, -0.5000,  0.0000, -2.2500], dtype=torch.float64)}

As a “label” and “features” dictionary; note that as “features” is not declared, it defaults to all the columns that are not in “label”:

>>> df.to_torch("dict", label="lbl", dtype=pl.Float32)
{'label': tensor([[0.],
         [1.],
         [2.],
         [3.]]),
 'features': tensor([[ 1.0000,  1.5000],
         [ 0.0000, -0.5000],
         [ 0.0000,  0.0000],
         [ 1.0000, -2.2500]])}

As a PolarsDataset, with f64 supertype:

>>> ds = df.to_torch("dataset", dtype=pl.Float64)
>>> ds[3]
(tensor([ 3.0000,  1.0000, -2.2500], dtype=torch.float64),)
>>> ds[:2]
(tensor([[ 0.0000,  1.0000,  1.5000],
         [ 1.0000,  0.0000, -0.5000]], dtype=torch.float64),)
>>> ds[[0, 3]]
(tensor([[ 0.0000,  1.0000,  1.5000],
         [ 3.0000,  1.0000, -2.2500]], dtype=torch.float64),)

As a convenience the PolarsDataset can opt in to half-precision data for experimentation (usually this would be set on the model/pipeline):

>>> list(ds.half())
[(tensor([0.0000, 1.0000, 1.5000], dtype=torch.float16),),
 (tensor([ 1.0000,  0.0000, -0.5000], dtype=torch.float16),),
 (tensor([2., 0., 0.], dtype=torch.float16),),
 (tensor([ 3.0000,  1.0000, -2.2500], dtype=torch.float16),)]

Pass PolarsDataset to a DataLoader, designating the label:

>>> from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
>>> ds = df.to_torch("dataset", label="lbl")
>>> dl = DataLoader(ds, batch_size=2)
>>> batches = list(dl)
>>> batches[0]
[tensor([[ 1.0000,  1.5000],
         [ 0.0000, -0.5000]], dtype=torch.float64), tensor([0, 1])]

Note that labels can be given as expressions, allowing them to have a dtype independent of the feature columns (multi-column labels are supported).

>>> ds = df.to_torch(
...     return_type="dataset",
...     dtype=pl.Float32,
...     label=pl.col("lbl").cast(pl.Int16),
... )
>>> ds[:2]
(tensor([[ 1.0000,  1.5000],
         [ 0.0000, -0.5000]]), tensor([0, 1], dtype=torch.int16))

Easily integrate with (for example) scikit-learn and other datasets:

>>> from sklearn.datasets import fetch_california_housing  
>>> housing = fetch_california_housing()  
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     data=housing.data,
...     schema=housing.feature_names,
... ).with_columns(
...     Target=housing.target,
... )  
>>> train = df.to_torch("dataset", label="Target")  
>>> loader = DataLoader(
...     train,
...     shuffle=True,
...     batch_size=64,
... )  

top_k( k: int, *, by: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr], reverse: bool | Sequence[bool] = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Return the k largest rows.

Non-null elements are always preferred over null elements, regardless of the value of reverse. The output is not guaranteed to be in any particular order, call sort() after this function if you wish the output to be sorted.

Parameters:

k: Number of rows to return.
by: Column(s) used to determine the top rows. Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names.
reverse: Consider the k smallest elements of the by column(s) (instead of the k largest). This can be specified per column by passing a sequence of booleans.

See also

bottom_k

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": ["a", "b", "a", "b", "b", "c"],
...         "b": [2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1],
...     }
... )

Get the rows which contain the 4 largest values in column b.

>>> df.top_k(4, by="b")
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 3   │
│ a   ┆ 2   │
│ b   ┆ 2   │
│ b   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┘

Get the rows which contain the 4 largest values when sorting on column b and a.

>>> df.top_k(4, by=["b", "a"])
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ b   ┆ 3   │
│ b   ┆ 2   │
│ a   ┆ 2   │
│ c   ┆ 1   │
└─────┴─────┘

transpose( *, include_header: bool = False, header_name: str = 'column', column_names: str | Iterable[str] | None = None, ) → DataFrame[source]

Transpose a DataFrame over the diagonal.

Parameters:

include_header: If set, the column names will be added as first column.
header_name: If include_header is set, this determines the name of the column that will be inserted.
column_names: Optional iterable yielding strings or a string naming an existing column. These will name the value (non-header) columns in the transposed data.

Returns:

DataFrame

Notes

This is a very expensive operation. Perhaps you can do it differently.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4, 5, 6]})
>>> df.transpose(include_header=True)
shape: (2, 4)
┌────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ column ┆ column_0 ┆ column_1 ┆ column_2 │
│ ---    ┆ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---      │
│ str    ┆ i64      ┆ i64      ┆ i64      │
╞════════╪══════════╪══════════╪══════════╡
│ a      ┆ 1        ┆ 2        ┆ 3        │
│ b      ┆ 4        ┆ 5        ┆ 6        │
└────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘

Replace the auto-generated column names with a list

>>> df.transpose(include_header=False, column_names=["x", "y", "z"])
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ x   ┆ y   ┆ z   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
│ 4   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Include the header as a separate column

>>> df.transpose(
...     include_header=True, header_name="foo", column_names=["x", "y", "z"]
... )
shape: (2, 4)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ x   ┆ y   ┆ z   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
│ b   ┆ 4   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘

Replace the auto-generated column with column names from a generator function

>>> def name_generator():
...     base_name = "my_column_"
...     count = 0
...     while True:
...         yield f"{base_name}{count}"
...         count += 1
>>> df.transpose(include_header=False, column_names=name_generator())
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐
│ my_column_0 ┆ my_column_1 ┆ my_column_2 │
│ ---         ┆ ---         ┆ ---         │
│ i64         ┆ i64         ┆ i64         │
╞═════════════╪═════════════╪═════════════╡
│ 1           ┆ 2           ┆ 3           │
│ 4           ┆ 5           ┆ 6           │
└─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘

Use an existing column as the new column names

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(dict(id=["i", "j", "k"], a=[1, 2, 3], b=[4, 5, 6]))
>>> df.transpose(column_names="id")
shape: (2, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ i   ┆ j   ┆ k   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
│ 4   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘
>>> df.transpose(include_header=True, header_name="new_id", column_names="id")
shape: (2, 4)
┌────────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ new_id ┆ i   ┆ j   ┆ k   │
│ ---    ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str    ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞════════╪═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ a      ┆ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
│ b      ┆ 4   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘

unique( subset: ColumnNameOrSelector | Collection[ColumnNameOrSelector] | None = None, *, keep: UniqueKeepStrategy = 'any', maintain_order: bool = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Drop duplicate rows from this dataframe.

Parameters:

subset

Column name(s) or selector(s), to consider when identifying duplicate rows. If set to None (default), use all columns.

keep{‘first’, ‘last’, ‘any’, ‘none’}

Which of the duplicate rows to keep.

‘any’: Does not give any guarantee of which row is kept.
This allows more optimizations.
‘none’: Don’t keep duplicate rows.
‘first’: Keep first unique row.
‘last’: Keep last unique row.

maintain_order

Keep the same order as the original DataFrame. This is more expensive to compute. Settings this to True blocks the possibility to run on the streaming engine.

Returns:

DataFrame: DataFrame with unique rows.

Warning

This method will fail if there is a column of type List in the DataFrame or subset.

Notes

If you’re coming from pandas, this is similar to pandas.DataFrame.drop_duplicates.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 1],
...         "bar": ["a", "a", "a", "a"],
...         "ham": ["b", "b", "b", "b"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.unique(maintain_order=True)
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ str ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ 2   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘
>>> df.unique(subset=["bar", "ham"], maintain_order=True)
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ str ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘
>>> df.unique(keep="last", maintain_order=True)
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ str ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 2   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ 1   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

unnest( columns: ColumnNameOrSelector | Collection[ColumnNameOrSelector], *more_columns: ColumnNameOrSelector, ) → DataFrame[source]

Decompose struct columns into separate columns for each of their fields.

The new columns will be inserted into the dataframe at the location of the struct column.

Parameters:

columns: Name of the struct column(s) that should be unnested.
*more_columns: Additional columns to unnest, specified as positional arguments.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "before": ["foo", "bar"],
...         "t_a": [1, 2],
...         "t_b": ["a", "b"],
...         "t_c": [True, None],
...         "t_d": [[1, 2], [3]],
...         "after": ["baz", "womp"],
...     }
... ).select("before", pl.struct(pl.col("^t_.$")).alias("t_struct"), "after")
>>> df
shape: (2, 3)
┌────────┬─────────────────────┬───────┐
│ before ┆ t_struct            ┆ after │
│ ---    ┆ ---                 ┆ ---   │
│ str    ┆ struct[4]           ┆ str   │
╞════════╪═════════════════════╪═══════╡
│ foo    ┆ {1,"a",true,[1, 2]} ┆ baz   │
│ bar    ┆ {2,"b",null,[3]}    ┆ womp  │
└────────┴─────────────────────┴───────┘
>>> df.unnest("t_struct")
shape: (2, 6)
┌────────┬─────┬─────┬──────┬───────────┬───────┐
│ before ┆ t_a ┆ t_b ┆ t_c  ┆ t_d       ┆ after │
│ ---    ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---       ┆ ---   │
│ str    ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ bool ┆ list[i64] ┆ str   │
╞════════╪═════╪═════╪══════╪═══════════╪═══════╡
│ foo    ┆ 1   ┆ a   ┆ true ┆ [1, 2]    ┆ baz   │
│ bar    ┆ 2   ┆ b   ┆ null ┆ [3]       ┆ womp  │
└────────┴─────┴─────┴──────┴───────────┴───────┘

Unpivot a DataFrame from wide to long format.

Optionally leaves identifiers set.

This function is useful to massage a DataFrame into a format where one or more columns are identifier variables (index) while all other columns, considered measured variables (on), are “unpivoted” to the row axis leaving just two non-identifier columns, ‘variable’ and ‘value’.

Parameters:

on: Column(s) or selector(s) to use as values variables; if on is empty all columns that are not in index will be used.
index: Column(s) or selector(s) to use as identifier variables.
variable_name: Name to give to the variable column. Defaults to “variable”
value_name: Name to give to the value column. Defaults to “value”

Notes

If you’re coming from pandas, this is similar to pandas.DataFrame.melt, but with index replacing id_vars and on replacing value_vars. In other frameworks, you might know this operation as pivot_longer.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": ["x", "y", "z"],
...         "b": [1, 3, 5],
...         "c": [2, 4, 6],
...     }
... )
>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.unpivot(cs.numeric(), index="a")
shape: (6, 3)
┌─────┬──────────┬───────┐
│ a   ┆ variable ┆ value │
│ --- ┆ ---      ┆ ---   │
│ str ┆ str      ┆ i64   │
╞═════╪══════════╪═══════╡
│ x   ┆ b        ┆ 1     │
│ y   ┆ b        ┆ 3     │
│ z   ┆ b        ┆ 5     │
│ x   ┆ c        ┆ 2     │
│ y   ┆ c        ┆ 4     │
│ z   ┆ c        ┆ 6     │
└─────┴──────────┴───────┘

unstack( step: int, how: UnstackDirection = 'vertical', columns: ColumnNameOrSelector | Sequence[ColumnNameOrSelector] | None = None, fill_values: list[Any] | None = None, ) → DataFrame[source]

Unstack a long table to a wide form without doing an aggregation.

Warning

This functionality is considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

This can be much faster than a pivot, because it can skip the grouping phase.

Parameters:

step: Number of rows in the unstacked frame.
how{ ‘vertical’, ‘horizontal’ }: Direction of the unstack.
columns: Column name(s) or selector(s) to include in the operation. If set to None (default), use all columns.
fill_values: Fill values that don’t fit the new size with this value.

Examples

>>> from string import ascii_uppercase
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "x": list(ascii_uppercase[0:8]),
...         "y": pl.int_range(1, 9, eager=True),
...     }
... ).with_columns(
...     z=pl.int_ranges(pl.col("y"), pl.col("y") + 2, dtype=pl.UInt8),
... )
>>> df
shape: (8, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────────┐
│ x   ┆ y   ┆ z        │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---      │
│ str ┆ i64 ┆ list[u8] │
╞═════╪═════╪══════════╡
│ A   ┆ 1   ┆ [1, 2]   │
│ B   ┆ 2   ┆ [2, 3]   │
│ C   ┆ 3   ┆ [3, 4]   │
│ D   ┆ 4   ┆ [4, 5]   │
│ E   ┆ 5   ┆ [5, 6]   │
│ F   ┆ 6   ┆ [6, 7]   │
│ G   ┆ 7   ┆ [7, 8]   │
│ H   ┆ 8   ┆ [8, 9]   │
└─────┴─────┴──────────┘
>>> df.unstack(step=4, how="vertical")
shape: (4, 6)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ x_0 ┆ x_1 ┆ y_0 ┆ y_1 ┆ z_0      ┆ z_1      │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---      ┆ ---      │
│ str ┆ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ list[u8] ┆ list[u8] │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪══════════╡
│ A   ┆ E   ┆ 1   ┆ 5   ┆ [1, 2]   ┆ [5, 6]   │
│ B   ┆ F   ┆ 2   ┆ 6   ┆ [2, 3]   ┆ [6, 7]   │
│ C   ┆ G   ┆ 3   ┆ 7   ┆ [3, 4]   ┆ [7, 8]   │
│ D   ┆ H   ┆ 4   ┆ 8   ┆ [4, 5]   ┆ [8, 9]   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴──────────┘
>>> df.unstack(step=2, how="horizontal")
shape: (4, 6)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ x_0 ┆ x_1 ┆ y_0 ┆ y_1 ┆ z_0      ┆ z_1      │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---      ┆ ---      │
│ str ┆ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ list[u8] ┆ list[u8] │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═════╪══════════╪══════════╡
│ A   ┆ B   ┆ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ [1, 2]   ┆ [2, 3]   │
│ C   ┆ D   ┆ 3   ┆ 4   ┆ [3, 4]   ┆ [4, 5]   │
│ E   ┆ F   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   ┆ [5, 6]   ┆ [6, 7]   │
│ G   ┆ H   ┆ 7   ┆ 8   ┆ [7, 8]   ┆ [8, 9]   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴──────────┴──────────┘
>>> import polars.selectors as cs
>>> df.unstack(step=5, columns=cs.numeric(), fill_values=0)
shape: (5, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ y_0 ┆ y_1 │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   │
│ 4   ┆ 0   │
│ 5   ┆ 0   │
└─────┴─────┘

Update the values in this DataFrame with the values in other.

Warning

This functionality is considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

Parameters:

other

DataFrame that will be used to update the values

on

Column names that will be joined on. If set to None (default), the implicit row index of each frame is used as a join key.

how{‘left’, ‘inner’, ‘full’}

‘left’ will keep all rows from the left table; rows may be duplicated if multiple rows in the right frame match the left row’s key.
‘inner’ keeps only those rows where the key exists in both frames.
‘full’ will update existing rows where the key matches while also adding any new rows contained in the given frame.

left_on

Join column(s) of the left DataFrame.

right_on

Join column(s) of the right DataFrame.

include_nulls

Overwrite values in the left frame with null values from the right frame. If set to False (default), null values in the right frame are ignored.

Notes

This is syntactic sugar for a left/inner join, with an optional coalesce when include_nulls = False

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "A": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "B": [400, 500, 600, 700],
...     }
... )
>>> df
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ A   ┆ B   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 400 │
│ 2   ┆ 500 │
│ 3   ┆ 600 │
│ 4   ┆ 700 │
└─────┴─────┘
>>> new_df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "B": [-66, None, -99],
...         "C": [5, 3, 1],
...     }
... )

Update df values with the non-null values in new_df, by row index:

>>> df.update(new_df)
shape: (4, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ A   ┆ B   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ -66 │
│ 2   ┆ 500 │
│ 3   ┆ -99 │
│ 4   ┆ 700 │
└─────┴─────┘

Update df values with the non-null values in new_df, by row index, but only keeping those rows that are common to both frames:

>>> df.update(new_df, how="inner")
shape: (3, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ A   ┆ B   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ -66 │
│ 2   ┆ 500 │
│ 3   ┆ -99 │
└─────┴─────┘

Update df values with the non-null values in new_df, using a full outer join strategy that defines explicit join columns in each frame:

>>> df.update(new_df, left_on=["A"], right_on=["C"], how="full")
shape: (5, 2)
┌─────┬─────┐
│ A   ┆ B   │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ -99 │
│ 2   ┆ 500 │
│ 3   ┆ 600 │
│ 4   ┆ 700 │
│ 5   ┆ -66 │
└─────┴─────┘

Update df values including null values in new_df, using a full outer join strategy that defines explicit join columns in each frame:

>>> df.update(new_df, left_on="A", right_on="C", how="full", include_nulls=True)
shape: (5, 2)
┌─────┬──────┐
│ A   ┆ B    │
│ --- ┆ ---  │
│ i64 ┆ i64  │
╞═════╪══════╡
│ 1   ┆ -99  │
│ 2   ┆ 500  │
│ 3   ┆ null │
│ 4   ┆ 700  │
│ 5   ┆ -66  │
└─────┴──────┘

upsample( time_column: str, *, every: str | timedelta, group_by: str | Sequence[str] | None = None, maintain_order: bool = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Upsample a DataFrame at a regular frequency.

The every argument is created with the following string language:

1ns (1 nanosecond)
1us (1 microsecond)
1ms (1 millisecond)
1s (1 second)
1m (1 minute)
1h (1 hour)
1d (1 calendar day)
1w (1 calendar week)
1mo (1 calendar month)
1q (1 calendar quarter)
1y (1 calendar year)
1i (1 index count)

Or combine them:

“3d12h4m25s” # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds

By “calendar day”, we mean the corresponding time on the next day (which may not be 24 hours, due to daylight savings). Similarly for “calendar week”, “calendar month”, “calendar quarter”, and “calendar year”.

Parameters:

time_column: Time column will be used to determine a date_range. Note that this column has to be sorted for the output to make sense.
every: Interval will start ‘every’ duration.
group_by: First group by these columns and then upsample for every group.
maintain_order: Keep the ordering predictable. This is slower.

Returns:

DataFrame: Result will be sorted by time_column (but note that if group_by columns are passed, it will only be sorted within each group).

Examples

Upsample a DataFrame by a certain interval.

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "time": [
...             datetime(2021, 2, 1),
...             datetime(2021, 4, 1),
...             datetime(2021, 5, 1),
...             datetime(2021, 6, 1),
...         ],
...         "groups": ["A", "B", "A", "B"],
...         "values": [0, 1, 2, 3],
...     }
... ).set_sorted("time")
>>> df.upsample(
...     time_column="time", every="1mo", group_by="groups", maintain_order=True
... ).select(pl.all().forward_fill())
shape: (7, 3)
┌─────────────────────┬────────┬────────┐
│ time                ┆ groups ┆ values │
│ ---                 ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
│ datetime[μs]        ┆ str    ┆ i64    │
╞═════════════════════╪════════╪════════╡
│ 2021-02-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 0      │
│ 2021-03-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 0      │
│ 2021-04-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 0      │
│ 2021-05-01 00:00:00 ┆ A      ┆ 2      │
│ 2021-04-01 00:00:00 ┆ B      ┆ 1      │
│ 2021-05-01 00:00:00 ┆ B      ┆ 1      │
│ 2021-06-01 00:00:00 ┆ B      ┆ 3      │
└─────────────────────┴────────┴────────┘

var(ddof: int = 1) → DataFrame[source]

Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their variance value.

Parameters:

ddof: “Delta Degrees of Freedom”: the divisor used in the calculation is N - ddof, where N represents the number of elements. By default ddof is 1.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c"],
...     }
... )
>>> df.var()
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham  │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
│ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str  │
╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
│ 1.0 ┆ 1.0 ┆ null │
└─────┴─────┴──────┘
>>> df.var(ddof=0)
shape: (1, 3)
┌──────────┬──────────┬──────┐
│ foo      ┆ bar      ┆ ham  │
│ ---      ┆ ---      ┆ ---  │
│ f64      ┆ f64      ┆ str  │
╞══════════╪══════════╪══════╡
│ 0.666667 ┆ 0.666667 ┆ null │
└──────────┴──────────┴──────┘

vstack( other: DataFrame, *, in_place: bool = False, ) → DataFrame[source]

Grow this DataFrame vertically by stacking a DataFrame to it.

Parameters:

other: DataFrame to stack.
in_place: Modify in place.

See also

extend

Examples

>>> df1 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2],
...         "bar": [6, 7],
...         "ham": ["a", "b"],
...     }
... )
>>> df2 = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [3, 4],
...         "bar": [8, 9],
...         "ham": ["c", "d"],
...     }
... )
>>> df1.vstack(df2)
shape: (4, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
│ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
│ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
│ 4   ┆ 9   ┆ d   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

property width: int[source]

Get the number of columns.

Returns:

int

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [4, 5, 6],
...     }
... )
>>> df.width
2

with_columns(

*exprs: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr],

**named_exprs: IntoExpr,

) → DataFrame[source]

Add columns to this DataFrame.

Added columns will replace existing columns with the same name.

Parameters:

*exprs: Column(s) to add, specified as positional arguments. Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
**named_exprs: Additional columns to add, specified as keyword arguments. The columns will be renamed to the keyword used.

Returns:

DataFrame: A new DataFrame with the columns added.

Notes

Creating a new DataFrame using this method does not create a new copy of existing data.

Examples

Pass an expression to add it as a new column.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 2, 3, 4],
...         "b": [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
...         "c": [True, True, False, True],
...     }
... )
>>> df.with_columns((pl.col("a") ** 2).alias("a^2"))
shape: (4, 4)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ a^2 │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ 1   │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 4   │
│ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 9   │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 16  │
└─────┴──────┴───────┴─────┘

Added columns will replace existing columns with the same name.

>>> df.with_columns(pl.col("a").cast(pl.Float64))
shape: (4, 3)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
│ f64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╡
│ 1.0 ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  │
│ 2.0 ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  │
│ 3.0 ┆ 10.0 ┆ false │
│ 4.0 ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  │
└─────┴──────┴───────┘

Multiple columns can be added using positional arguments.

>>> df.with_columns(
...     (pl.col("a") ** 2).alias("a^2"),
...     (pl.col("b") / 2).alias("b/2"),
...     (pl.col("c").not_()).alias("not c"),
... )
shape: (4, 6)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┬─────┬──────┬───────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ a^2 ┆ b/2  ┆ not c │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪═════╪══════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ 1   ┆ 0.25 ┆ false │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 4   ┆ 2.0  ┆ false │
│ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 9   ┆ 5.0  ┆ true  │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 16  ┆ 6.5  ┆ false │
└─────┴──────┴───────┴─────┴──────┴───────┘

Multiple columns can also be added by passing a list of expressions.

>>> df.with_columns(
...     [
...         (pl.col("a") ** 2).alias("a^2"),
...         (pl.col("b") / 2).alias("b/2"),
...         (pl.col("c").not_()).alias("not c"),
...     ]
... )
shape: (4, 6)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┬─────┬──────┬───────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ a^2 ┆ b/2  ┆ not c │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪═════╪══════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ 1   ┆ 0.25 ┆ false │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 4   ┆ 2.0  ┆ false │
│ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 9   ┆ 5.0  ┆ true  │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 16  ┆ 6.5  ┆ false │
└─────┴──────┴───────┴─────┴──────┴───────┘

Use keyword arguments to easily name your expression inputs.

>>> df.with_columns(
...     ab=pl.col("a") * pl.col("b"),
...     not_c=pl.col("c").not_(),
... )
shape: (4, 5)
┌─────┬──────┬───────┬──────┬───────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ ab   ┆ not_c │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ f64  ┆ bool  │
╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪══════╪═══════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ 0.5  ┆ false │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 8.0  ┆ false │
│ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 30.0 ┆ true  │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 52.0 ┆ false │
└─────┴──────┴───────┴──────┴───────┘

Expressions with multiple outputs can be automatically instantiated as Structs by enabling the setting Config.set_auto_structify(True):

>>> with pl.Config(auto_structify=True):
...     df.drop("c").with_columns(
...         diffs=pl.col(["a", "b"]).diff().name.suffix("_diff"),
...     )
shape: (4, 3)
┌─────┬──────┬─────────────┐
│ a   ┆ b    ┆ diffs       │
│ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---         │
│ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ struct[2]   │
╞═════╪══════╪═════════════╡
│ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ {null,null} │
│ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ {1,3.5}     │
│ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ {1,6.0}     │
│ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ {1,3.0}     │
└─────┴──────┴─────────────┘

with_columns_seq(

*exprs: IntoExpr | Iterable[IntoExpr],

**named_exprs: IntoExpr,

) → DataFrame[source]

Add columns to this DataFrame.

Added columns will replace existing columns with the same name.

This will run all expression sequentially instead of in parallel. Use this when the work per expression is cheap.

Parameters:

*exprs: Column(s) to add, specified as positional arguments. Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
**named_exprs: Additional columns to add, specified as keyword arguments. The columns will be renamed to the keyword used.

Returns:

DataFrame: A new DataFrame with the columns added.

See also

with_columns

with_row_count( name: str = 'row_nr', offset: int = 0, ) → DataFrame[source]

Add a column at index 0 that counts the rows.

Deprecated since version 0.20.4: Use with_row_index() instead. Note that the default column name has changed from ‘row_nr’ to ‘index’.

Parameters:

name: Name of the column to add.
offset: Start the row count at this offset. Default = 0

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 3, 5],
...         "b": [2, 4, 6],
...     }
... )
>>> df.with_row_count()  
shape: (3, 3)
┌────────┬─────┬─────┐
│ row_nr ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ ---    ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ u32    ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞════════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 0      ┆ 1   ┆ 2   │
│ 1      ┆ 3   ┆ 4   │
│ 2      ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└────────┴─────┴─────┘

with_row_index( name: str = 'index', offset: int = 0, ) → DataFrame[source]

Add a row index as the first column in the DataFrame.

Parameters:

name: Name of the index column.
offset: Start the index at this offset. Cannot be negative.

Notes

The resulting column does not have any special properties. It is a regular column of type UInt32 (or UInt64 in polars-u64-idx).

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "a": [1, 3, 5],
...         "b": [2, 4, 6],
...     }
... )
>>> df.with_row_index()
shape: (3, 3)
┌───────┬─────┬─────┐
│ index ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ ---   ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ u32   ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 0     ┆ 1   ┆ 2   │
│ 1     ┆ 3   ┆ 4   │
│ 2     ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└───────┴─────┴─────┘
>>> df.with_row_index("id", offset=1000)
shape: (3, 3)
┌──────┬─────┬─────┐
│ id   ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ ---  ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ u32  ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1000 ┆ 1   ┆ 2   │
│ 1001 ┆ 3   ┆ 4   │
│ 1002 ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└──────┴─────┴─────┘

An index column can also be created using the expressions int_range() and len().

>>> df.select(
...     pl.int_range(pl.len(), dtype=pl.UInt32).alias("index"),
...     pl.all(),
... )
shape: (3, 3)
┌───────┬─────┬─────┐
│ index ┆ a   ┆ b   │
│ ---   ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ u32   ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═══════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 0     ┆ 1   ┆ 2   │
│ 1     ┆ 3   ┆ 4   │
│ 2     ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
└───────┴─────┴─────┘

write_avro( file: str | Path | IO[bytes], compression: AvroCompression = 'uncompressed', name: str = '', ) → None[source]

Write to Apache Avro file.

Parameters:

file: File path or writable file-like object to which the data will be written.
compression{‘uncompressed’, ‘snappy’, ‘deflate’}: Compression method. Defaults to “uncompressed”.
name: Schema name. Defaults to empty string.

Examples

>>> import pathlib
>>>
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> path: pathlib.Path = dirpath / "new_file.avro"
>>> df.write_avro(path)

write_clipboard(*, separator: str = '\t', **kwargs: Any) → None[source]

Copy DataFrame in csv format to the system clipboard with write_csv.

Useful for pasting into Excel or other similar spreadsheet software.

Parameters:

separator: Separate CSV fields with this symbol.
kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to write_csv.

See also

polars.read_clipboard: Read a DataFrame from the clipboard.
write_csv: Write to comma-separated values (CSV) file.

Write to comma-separated values (CSV) file.

Parameters:

file

File path or writable file-like object to which the result will be written. If set to None (default), the output is returned as a string instead.

include_bom

Whether to include UTF-8 BOM in the CSV output.

include_header

Whether to include header in the CSV output.

separator

Separate CSV fields with this symbol.

line_terminator

String used to end each row.

quote_char

Byte to use as quoting character.

batch_size

Number of rows that will be processed per thread.

datetime_format

A format string, with the specifiers defined by the chrono Rust crate. If no format specified, the default fractional-second precision is inferred from the maximum timeunit found in the frame’s Datetime cols (if any).

date_format

A format string, with the specifiers defined by the chrono Rust crate.

time_format

A format string, with the specifiers defined by the chrono Rust crate.

float_scientific

Whether to use scientific form always (true), never (false), or automatically (None) for Float32 and Float64 datatypes.

float_precision

Number of decimal places to write, applied to both Float32 and Float64 datatypes.

null_value

A string representing null values (defaulting to the empty string).

quote_style{‘necessary’, ‘always’, ‘non_numeric’, ‘never’}

Determines the quoting strategy used.

necessary (default): This puts quotes around fields only when necessary. They are necessary when fields contain a quote, separator or record terminator. Quotes are also necessary when writing an empty record (which is indistinguishable from a record with one empty field). This is the default.
always: This puts quotes around every field. Always.
never: This never puts quotes around fields, even if that results in invalid CSV data (e.g.: by not quoting strings containing the separator).
non_numeric: This puts quotes around all fields that are non-numeric. Namely, when writing a field that does not parse as a valid float or integer, then quotes will be used even if they aren`t strictly necessary.

storage_options

Options that indicate how to connect to a cloud provider.

The cloud providers currently supported are AWS, GCP, and Azure. See supported keys here:

aws
gcp
azure
Hugging Face (hf://): Accepts an API key under the token parameter: {'token': '...'}, or by setting the HF_TOKEN environment variable.

If storage_options is not provided, Polars will try to infer the information from environment variables.

credential_provider

Provide a function that can be called to provide cloud storage credentials. The function is expected to return a dictionary of credential keys along with an optional credential expiry time.

Warning

This functionality is considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

retries

Number of retries if accessing a cloud instance fails.

Examples

>>> import pathlib
>>>
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> path: pathlib.Path = dirpath / "new_file.csv"
>>> df.write_csv(path, separator=",")

write_database( table_name: str, connection: ConnectionOrCursor | str, *, if_table_exists: DbWriteMode = 'fail', engine: DbWriteEngine | None = None, engine_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None, ) → int[source]

Write the data in a Polars DataFrame to a database.

Added in version 0.20.26: Support for instantiated connection objects in addition to URI strings, and a new engine_options parameter.

Parameters:

table_name

Schema-qualified name of the table to create or append to in the target SQL database. If your table name contains special characters, it should be quoted.

connection

An existing SQLAlchemy or ADBC connection against the target database, or a URI string that will be used to instantiate such a connection, such as:

“postgresql://user:pass@server:port/database”
“sqlite:////path/to/database.db”

if_table_exists{‘append’, ‘replace’, ‘fail’}

The insert mode:

‘replace’ will create a new database table, overwriting an existing one.
‘append’ will append to an existing table.
‘fail’ will fail if table already exists.

engine{‘sqlalchemy’, ‘adbc’}

Select the engine to use for writing frame data; only necessary when supplying a URI string (defaults to ‘sqlalchemy’ if unset)

engine_options

Additional options to pass to the insert method associated with the engine specified by the option engine.

Setting engine to “sqlalchemy” currently inserts using Pandas’ to_sql method (though this will eventually be phased out in favor of a native solution).
Setting engine to “adbc” inserts using the ADBC cursor’s adbc_ingest method.

Returns:

int: The number of rows affected, if the driver provides this information. Otherwise, returns -1.

Examples

Insert into a temporary table using a PostgreSQL URI and the ADBC engine:

>>> df.write_database(
...     table_name="target_table",
...     connection="postgresql://user:pass@server:port/database",
...     engine="adbc",
...     engine_options={"temporary": True},
... )  

Insert into a table using a pyodbc SQLAlchemy connection to SQL Server that was instantiated with “fast_executemany=True” to improve performance:

>>> pyodbc_uri = (
...     "mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@server:1433/test?"
...     "driver=ODBC+Driver+18+for+SQL+Server"
... )
>>> engine = create_engine(pyodbc_uri, fast_executemany=True)  
>>> df.write_database(
...     table_name="target_table",
...     connection=engine,
... )  

write_delta( target: str | Path | deltalake.DeltaTable, *, mode: Literal['error', 'append', 'overwrite', 'ignore', 'merge'] = 'error', overwrite_schema: bool | None = None, storage_options: dict[str, str] | None = None, delta_write_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None, delta_merge_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None, ) → deltalake.table.TableMerger | None[source]

Write DataFrame as delta table.

Parameters:

target

URI of a table or a DeltaTable object.

mode{‘error’, ‘append’, ‘overwrite’, ‘ignore’, ‘merge’}

How to handle existing data.

If ‘error’, throw an error if the table already exists (default).
If ‘append’, will add new data.
If ‘overwrite’, will replace table with new data.
If ‘ignore’, will not write anything if table already exists.
If ‘merge’, return a TableMerger object to merge data from the DataFrame with the existing data.

overwrite_schema

If True, allows updating the schema of the table.

Deprecated since version 0.20.14: Use the parameter delta_write_options instead and pass {"schema_mode": "overwrite"}.

storage_options

Extra options for the storage backends supported by deltalake. For cloud storages, this may include configurations for authentication etc.

See a list of supported storage options for S3 here.
See a list of supported storage options for GCS here.
See a list of supported storage options for Azure here.

delta_write_options

Additional keyword arguments while writing a Delta lake Table. See a list of supported write options here.

delta_merge_options

Keyword arguments which are required to MERGE a Delta lake Table. See a list of supported merge options here.

Raises:

TypeError: If the DataFrame contains unsupported data types.
ArrowInvalidError: If the DataFrame contains data types that could not be cast to their primitive type.
TableNotFoundError: If the delta table doesn’t exist and MERGE action is triggered

Notes

The Polars data types Null and Time are not supported by the delta protocol specification and will raise a TypeError. Columns using The Categorical data type will be converted to normal (non-categorical) strings when written.

Polars columns are always nullable. To write data to a delta table with non-nullable columns, a custom pyarrow schema has to be passed to the delta_write_options. See the last example below.

Examples

Write a dataframe to the local filesystem as a Delta Lake table.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> table_path = "/path/to/delta-table/"
>>> df.write_delta(table_path)  

Append data to an existing Delta Lake table on the local filesystem. Note that this will fail if the schema of the new data does not match the schema of the existing table.

>>> df.write_delta(table_path, mode="append")  

Overwrite a Delta Lake table as a new version. If the schemas of the new and old data are the same, specifying the schema_mode is not required.

>>> existing_table_path = "/path/to/delta-table/"
>>> df.write_delta(
...     existing_table_path,
...     mode="overwrite",
...     delta_write_options={"schema_mode": "overwrite"},
... )  

Write a DataFrame as a Delta Lake table to a cloud object store like S3.

>>> table_path = "s3://bucket/prefix/to/delta-table/"
>>> df.write_delta(
...     table_path,
...     storage_options={
...         "AWS_REGION": "THE_AWS_REGION",
...         "AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID": "THE_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID",
...         "AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY": "THE_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY",
...     },
... )  

Write DataFrame as a Delta Lake table with non-nullable columns.

>>> import pyarrow as pa
>>> existing_table_path = "/path/to/delta-table/"
>>> df.write_delta(
...     existing_table_path,
...     delta_write_options={
...         "schema": pa.schema([pa.field("foo", pa.int64(), nullable=False)])
...     },
... )  

Merge the DataFrame with an existing Delta Lake table. For all TableMerger methods, check the deltalake docs here.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> table_path = "/path/to/delta-table/"
>>> (
...     df.write_delta(
...         "table_path",
...         mode="merge",
...         delta_merge_options={
...             "predicate": "s.foo = t.foo",
...             "source_alias": "s",
...             "target_alias": "t",
...         },
...     )
...     .when_matched_update_all()
...     .when_not_matched_insert_all()
...     .execute()
... )  

Write frame data to a table in an Excel workbook/worksheet.

Parameters:

workbook{str, Workbook}

String name or path of the workbook to create, BytesIO object to write into, or an open xlsxwriter.Workbook object that has not been closed. If None, writes to a dataframe.xlsx workbook in the working directory.

worksheet{str, Worksheet}

Name of target worksheet or an xlsxwriter.Worksheet object (in which case workbook must be the parent xlsxwriter.Workbook object); if None, writes to “Sheet1” when creating a new workbook (note that writing to an existing workbook requires a valid existing -or new- worksheet name).

position{str, tuple}

Table position in Excel notation (eg: “A1”), or a (row,col) integer tuple.

table_style{str, dict}

A named Excel table style, such as “Table Style Medium 4”, or a dictionary of {"key":value,} options containing one or more of the following keys: “style”, “first_column”, “last_column”, “banded_columns, “banded_rows”.

table_namestr

Name of the output table object in the worksheet; can then be referred to in the sheet by formulae/charts, or by subsequent xlsxwriter operations.

column_formatsdict

A {colname(s):str,} or {selector:str,} dictionary for applying an Excel format string to the given columns. Formats defined here (such as “dd/mm/yyyy”, “0.00%”, etc) will override any defined in dtype_formats.

dtype_formatsdict

A {dtype:str,} dictionary that sets the default Excel format for the given dtype. (This can be overridden on a per-column basis by the column_formats param).

conditional_formatsdict

A dictionary of colname (or selector) keys to a format str, dict, or list that defines conditional formatting options for the specified columns.

If supplying a string typename, should be one of the valid xlsxwriter types such as “3_color_scale”, “data_bar”, etc.
If supplying a dictionary you can make use of any/all xlsxwriter supported options, including icon sets, formulae, etc.
Supplying multiple columns as a tuple/key will apply a single format across all columns - this is effective in creating a heatmap, as the min/max values will be determined across the entire range, not per-column.
Finally, you can also supply a list made up from the above options in order to apply more than one conditional format to the same range.

header_formatdict

A {key:value,} dictionary of xlsxwriter format options to apply to the table header row, such as {"bold":True, "font_color":"#702963"}.

column_totals{bool, list, dict}

Add a column-total row to the exported table.

If True, all numeric columns will have an associated total using “sum”.
If passing a string, it must be one of the valid total function names and all numeric columns will have an associated total using that function.
If passing a list of colnames, only those given will have a total.
For more control, pass a {colname:funcname,} dict.

Valid column-total function names are “average”, “count_nums”, “count”, “max”, “min”, “std_dev”, “sum”, and “var”.

column_widths{dict, int}

A {colname:int,} or {selector:int,} dict or a single integer that sets (or overrides if autofitting) table column widths, in integer pixel units. If given as an integer the same value is used for all table columns.

row_totals{dict, list, bool}

Add a row-total column to the right-hand side of the exported table.

If True, a column called “total” will be added at the end of the table that applies a “sum” function row-wise across all numeric columns.
If passing a list/sequence of column names, only the matching columns will participate in the sum.
Can also pass a {colname:columns,} dictionary to create one or more total columns with distinct names, referencing different columns.

row_heights{dict, int}

An int or {row_index:int,} dictionary that sets the height of the given rows (if providing a dictionary) or all rows (if providing an integer) that intersect with the table body (including any header and total row) in integer pixel units. Note that row_index starts at zero and will be the header row (unless include_header is False).

sparklinesdict

A {colname:list,} or {colname:dict,} dictionary defining one or more sparklines to be written into a new column in the table.

If passing a list of colnames (used as the source of the sparkline data) the default sparkline settings are used (eg: line chart with no markers).
For more control an xlsxwriter-compliant options dict can be supplied, in which case three additional polars-specific keys are available: “columns”, “insert_before”, and “insert_after”. These allow you to define the source columns and position the sparkline(s) with respect to other table columns. If no position directive is given, sparklines are added to the end of the table (eg: to the far right) in the order they are given.

formulasdict

A {colname:formula,} or {colname:dict,} dictionary defining one or more formulas to be written into a new column in the table. Note that you are strongly advised to use structured references in your formulae wherever possible to make it simple to reference columns by name.

If providing a string formula (such as “=[@colx]*[@coly]”) the column will be added to the end of the table (eg: to the far right), after any default sparklines and before any row_totals.
For the most control supply an options dictionary with the following keys: “formula” (mandatory), one of “insert_before” or “insert_after”, and optionally “return_dtype”. The latter is used to appropriately format the output of the formula and allow it to participate in row/column totals.

float_precisionint

Default number of decimals displayed for floating point columns (note that this is purely a formatting directive; the actual values are not rounded).

include_headerbool

Indicate if the table should be created with a header row.

autofilterbool

If the table has headers, provide autofilter capability.

autofitbool

Calculate individual column widths from the data.

hidden_columnsstr | list

A column name, list of column names, or a selector representing table columns to mark as hidden in the output worksheet.

hide_gridlinesbool

Do not display any gridlines on the output worksheet.

sheet_zoomint

Set the default zoom level of the output worksheet.

freeze_panesstr | (str, int, int) | (int, int) | (int, int, int, int)

Freeze workbook panes.

If (row, col) is supplied, panes are split at the top-left corner of the specified cell, which are 0-indexed. Thus, to freeze only the top row, supply (1, 0).
Alternatively, cell notation can be used to supply the cell. For example, “A2” indicates the split occurs at the top-left of cell A2, which is the equivalent of (1, 0).
If (row, col, top_row, top_col) are supplied, the panes are split based on the row and col, and the scrolling region is initialized to begin at the top_row and top_col. Thus, to freeze only the top row and have the scrolling region begin at row 10, column D (5th col), supply (1, 0, 9, 4). Using cell notation for (row, col), supplying (“A2”, 9, 4) is equivalent.

Notes

A list of compatible xlsxwriter format property names can be found here: https://xlsxwriter.readthedocs.io/format.html#format-methods-and-format-properties
Conditional formatting dictionaries should provide xlsxwriter-compatible definitions; polars will take care of how they are applied on the worksheet with respect to the relative sheet/column position. For supported options, see: https://xlsxwriter.readthedocs.io/working_with_conditional_formats.html
Similarly, sparkline option dictionaries should contain xlsxwriter-compatible key/values, as well as a mandatory polars “columns” key that defines the sparkline source data; these source columns should all be adjacent. Two other polars-specific keys are available to help define where the sparkline appears in the table: “insert_after”, and “insert_before”. The value associated with these keys should be the name of a column in the exported table. https://xlsxwriter.readthedocs.io/working_with_sparklines.html
Formula dictionaries must contain a key called “formula”, and then optional “insert_after”, “insert_before”, and/or “return_dtype” keys. These additional keys allow the column to be injected into the table at a specific location, and/or to define the return type of the formula (eg: “Int64”, “Float64”, etc). Formulas that refer to table columns should use Excel’s structured references syntax to ensure the formula is applied correctly and is table-relative. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/using-structured-references-with-excel-tables-f5ed2452-2337-4f71-bed3-c8ae6d2b276e

Examples

Instantiate a basic DataFrame:

>>> from random import uniform
>>> from datetime import date
>>>
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "dtm": [date(2023, 1, 1), date(2023, 1, 2), date(2023, 1, 3)],
...         "num": [uniform(-500, 500), uniform(-500, 500), uniform(-500, 500)],
...         "val": [10_000, 20_000, 30_000],
...     }
... )

Export to “dataframe.xlsx” (the default workbook name, if not specified) in the working directory, add column totals (“sum” by default) on all numeric columns, then autofit:

>>> df.write_excel(column_totals=True, autofit=True)  

Write frame to a specific location on the sheet, set a named table style, apply US-style date formatting, increase default float precision, apply a non-default total function to a single column, autofit:

>>> df.write_excel(  
...     position="B4",
...     table_style="Table Style Light 16",
...     dtype_formats={pl.Date: "mm/dd/yyyy"},
...     column_totals={"num": "average"},
...     float_precision=6,
...     autofit=True,
... )

Write the same frame to a named worksheet twice, applying different styles and conditional formatting to each table, adding table titles using explicit xlsxwriter integration:

>>> from xlsxwriter import Workbook
>>> with Workbook("multi_frame.xlsx") as wb:  
...     # basic/default conditional formatting
...     df.write_excel(
...         workbook=wb,
...         worksheet="data",
...         position=(3, 1),  # specify position as (row,col) coordinates
...         conditional_formats={"num": "3_color_scale", "val": "data_bar"},
...         table_style="Table Style Medium 4",
...     )
...
...     # advanced conditional formatting, custom styles
...     df.write_excel(
...         workbook=wb,
...         worksheet="data",
...         position=(len(df) + 7, 1),
...         table_style={
...             "style": "Table Style Light 4",
...             "first_column": True,
...         },
...         conditional_formats={
...             "num": {
...                 "type": "3_color_scale",
...                 "min_color": "#76933c",
...                 "mid_color": "#c4d79b",
...                 "max_color": "#ebf1de",
...             },
...             "val": {
...                 "type": "data_bar",
...                 "data_bar_2010": True,
...                 "bar_color": "#9bbb59",
...                 "bar_negative_color_same": True,
...                 "bar_negative_border_color_same": True,
...             },
...         },
...         column_formats={"num": "#,##0.000;[White]-#,##0.000"},
...         column_widths={"val": 125},
...         autofit=True,
...     )
...
...     # add some table titles (with a custom format)
...     ws = wb.get_worksheet_by_name("data")
...     fmt_title = wb.add_format(
...         {
...             "font_color": "#4f6228",
...             "font_size": 12,
...             "italic": True,
...             "bold": True,
...         }
...     )
...     ws.write(2, 1, "Basic/default conditional formatting", fmt_title)
...     ws.write(len(df) + 6, 1, "Customised conditional formatting", fmt_title)

Export a table containing two different types of sparklines. Use default options for the “trend” sparkline and customized options (and positioning) for the “+/-” win_loss sparkline, with non-default integer dtype formatting, column totals, a subtle two-tone heatmap and hidden worksheet gridlines:

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "id": ["aaa", "bbb", "ccc", "ddd", "eee"],
...         "q1": [100, 55, -20, 0, 35],
...         "q2": [30, -10, 15, 60, 20],
...         "q3": [-50, 0, 40, 80, 80],
...         "q4": [75, 55, 25, -10, -55],
...     }
... )
>>> df.write_excel(  
...     table_style="Table Style Light 2",
...     # apply accounting format to all flavours of integer
...     dtype_formats={dt: "#,##0_);(#,##0)" for dt in [pl.Int32, pl.Int64]},
...     sparklines={
...         # default options; just provide source cols
...         "trend": ["q1", "q2", "q3", "q4"],
...         # customized sparkline type, with positioning directive
...         "+/-": {
...             "columns": ["q1", "q2", "q3", "q4"],
...             "insert_after": "id",
...             "type": "win_loss",
...         },
...     },
...     conditional_formats={
...         # create a unified multi-column heatmap
...         ("q1", "q2", "q3", "q4"): {
...             "type": "2_color_scale",
...             "min_color": "#95b3d7",
...             "max_color": "#ffffff",
...         },
...     },
...     column_totals=["q1", "q2", "q3", "q4"],
...     row_totals=True,
...     hide_gridlines=True,
... )

Export a table containing an Excel formula-based column that calculates a standardised Z-score, showing use of structured references in conjunction with positioning directives, column totals, and custom formatting.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "id": ["a123", "b345", "c567", "d789", "e101"],
...         "points": [99, 45, 50, 85, 35],
...     }
... )
>>> df.write_excel(  
...     table_style={
...         "style": "Table Style Medium 15",
...         "first_column": True,
...     },
...     column_formats={
...         "id": {"font": "Consolas"},
...         "points": {"align": "center"},
...         "z-score": {"align": "center"},
...     },
...     column_totals="average",
...     formulas={
...         "z-score": {
...             # use structured references to refer to the table columns and 'totals' row
...             "formula": "=STANDARDIZE([@points], [[#Totals],[points]], STDEV([points]))",
...             "insert_after": "points",
...             "return_dtype": pl.Float64,
...         }
...     },
...     hide_gridlines=True,
...     sheet_zoom=125,
... )

Create and reference a Worksheet object directly, adding a basic chart. Taking advantage of structured references to set chart series values and categories is strongly recommended so that you do not have to calculate cell positions with respect to the frame data and worksheet:

>>> with Workbook("basic_chart.xlsx") as wb:  
...     # create worksheet object and write frame data to it
...     ws = wb.add_worksheet("demo")
...     df.write_excel(
...         workbook=wb,
...         worksheet=ws,
...         table_name="DataTable",
...         table_style="Table Style Medium 26",
...         hide_gridlines=True,
...     )
...     # create chart object, point to the written table
...     # data using structured references, and style it
...     chart = wb.add_chart({"type": "column"})
...     chart.set_title({"name": "Example Chart"})
...     chart.set_legend({"none": True})
...     chart.set_style(38)
...     chart.add_series(
...         {  # note the use of structured references
...             "values": "=DataTable[points]",
...             "categories": "=DataTable[id]",
...             "data_labels": {"value": True},
...         }
...     )
...     # add chart to the worksheet
...     ws.insert_chart("D1", chart)

Write to Arrow IPC binary stream or Feather file.

See “File or Random Access format” in https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/ipc.html.

Parameters:

file

Path or writable file-like object to which the IPC data will be written. If set to None, the output is returned as a BytesIO object.

compression{‘uncompressed’, ‘lz4’, ‘zstd’}

Compression method. Defaults to “uncompressed”.

compat_level

Use a specific compatibility level when exporting Polars’ internal data structures.

storage_options

Options that indicate how to connect to a cloud provider.

The cloud providers currently supported are AWS, GCP, and Azure. See supported keys here:

aws
gcp
azure
Hugging Face (hf://): Accepts an API key under the token parameter: {'token': '...'}, or by setting the HF_TOKEN environment variable.

If storage_options is not provided, Polars will try to infer the information from environment variables.

credential_provider

Provide a function that can be called to provide cloud storage credentials. The function is expected to return a dictionary of credential keys along with an optional credential expiry time.

Warning

This functionality is considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

retries

Number of retries if accessing a cloud instance fails.

Examples

>>> import pathlib
>>>
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> path: pathlib.Path = dirpath / "new_file.arrow"
>>> df.write_ipc(path)

Write to Arrow IPC record batch stream.

See “Streaming format” in https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/ipc.html.

Parameters:

file: Path or writable file-like object to which the IPC record batch data will be written. If set to None, the output is returned as a BytesIO object.
compression{‘uncompressed’, ‘lz4’, ‘zstd’}: Compression method. Defaults to “uncompressed”.
compat_level: Use a specific compatibility level when exporting Polars’ internal data structures.

Examples

>>> import pathlib
>>>
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> path: pathlib.Path = dirpath / "new_file.arrow"
>>> df.write_ipc_stream(path)

write_json(file: IOBase | str | Path | None = None) → str | None[source]

Serialize to JSON representation.

Parameters:

file: File path or writable file-like object to which the result will be written. If set to None (default), the output is returned as a string instead.

See also

DataFrame.write_ndjson

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...     }
... )
>>> df.write_json()
'[{"foo":1,"bar":6},{"foo":2,"bar":7},{"foo":3,"bar":8}]'

write_ndjson(file: IOBase | str | Path | None = None) → str | None[source]

Serialize to newline delimited JSON representation.

Parameters:

file: File path or writable file-like object to which the result will be written. If set to None (default), the output is returned as a string instead.

Examples

>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8],
...     }
... )
>>> df.write_ndjson()
'{"foo":1,"bar":6}\n{"foo":2,"bar":7}\n{"foo":3,"bar":8}\n'

Write to Apache Parquet file.

Parameters:

file

File path or writable file-like object to which the result will be written. This should be a path to a directory if writing a partitioned dataset.

compression{‘lz4’, ‘uncompressed’, ‘snappy’, ‘gzip’, ‘lzo’, ‘brotli’, ‘zstd’}

Choose “zstd” for good compression performance. Choose “lz4” for fast compression/decompression. Choose “snappy” for more backwards compatibility guarantees when you deal with older parquet readers.

compression_level

The level of compression to use. Higher compression means smaller files on disk.

“gzip” : min-level: 0, max-level: 10.
“brotli” : min-level: 0, max-level: 11.
“zstd” : min-level: 1, max-level: 22.

statistics

Write statistics to the parquet headers. This is the default behavior.

Possible values:

True: enable default set of statistics (default)
False: disable all statistics
“full”: calculate and write all available statistics. Cannot be combined with use_pyarrow.
{ "statistic-key": True / False, ... }. Cannot be combined with use_pyarrow. Available keys:
- “min”: column minimum value (default: True)
- “max”: column maximum value (default: True)
- “distinct_count”: number of unique column values (default: False)
- “null_count”: number of null values in column (default: True)

row_group_size

Size of the row groups in number of rows. Defaults to 512^2 rows.

data_page_size

Size of the data page in bytes. Defaults to 1024^2 bytes.

use_pyarrow

Use C++ parquet implementation vs Rust parquet implementation. At the moment C++ supports more features.

pyarrow_options

Arguments passed to pyarrow.parquet.write_table.

If you pass partition_cols here, the dataset will be written using pyarrow.parquet.write_to_dataset. The partition_cols parameter leads to write the dataset to a directory. Similar to Spark’s partitioned datasets.

partition_by

Column(s) to partition by. A partitioned dataset will be written if this is specified. This parameter is considered unstable and is subject to change.

partition_chunk_size_bytes

Approximate size to split DataFrames within a single partition when writing. Note this is calculated using the size of the DataFrame in memory - the size of the output file may differ depending on the file format / compression.

storage_options

Options that indicate how to connect to a cloud provider.

The cloud providers currently supported are AWS, GCP, and Azure. See supported keys here:

aws
gcp
azure
Hugging Face (hf://): Accepts an API key under the token parameter: {'token': '...'}, or by setting the HF_TOKEN environment variable.

If storage_options is not provided, Polars will try to infer the information from environment variables.

credential_provider

Provide a function that can be called to provide cloud storage credentials. The function is expected to return a dictionary of credential keys along with an optional credential expiry time.

Warning

This functionality is considered unstable. It may be changed at any point without it being considered a breaking change.

retries

Number of retries if accessing a cloud instance fails.

Examples

>>> import pathlib
>>>
>>> df = pl.DataFrame(
...     {
...         "foo": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
...         "bar": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
...         "ham": ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
...     }
... )
>>> path: pathlib.Path = dirpath / "new_file.parquet"
>>> df.write_parquet(path)

We can use pyarrow with use_pyarrow_write_to_dataset=True to write partitioned datasets. The following example will write the first row to ../watermark=1/.parquet and the other rows to ../watermark=2/.parquet.

>>> df = pl.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "watermark": [1, 2, 2]})
>>> path: pathlib.Path = dirpath / "partitioned_object"
>>> df.write_parquet(
...     path,
...     use_pyarrow=True,
...     pyarrow_options={"partition_cols": ["watermark"]},
... )